Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

th6 FUNUS. FUINUS.
ceding woodcut contains two of the motlt ancient At Xanthus the tombs are still more numerous.
kind; the figure in the middle is the section of one. They are cut ilnto, or are formed by cutting away,
The dead were usually buried outside the town, the rock, leaving the tombs standing like works of
as it was thought that their presence in the city sculpture. (lb. p. 226.) The same is the case at
brought pollution to the living. At Athens the Telmessus, where they are cut out of the rock in
dead were formerly buried ill their own houses the form of temples. They are generally approached
(Plat. inz. 1. e.), but in historical times none were by steps, and the columns of the portico stand out
allowed to be buried within the city. (Cic. ad about six feet from the entrance to the cella; the
P7am. iv. 12. ~ 3.) Lycurgus, in order to remove interiors vary but little; they are usually about
all superstition respecting the presence of the dead, six feet in height and nine feet by twelve in size.
allowed of burial in Sparta (Plut. Lye. 27); and One side is occupied by the door, and the other
at Megara also the dead were buried within the sides contain benches on which the coffins or urns
town. (Paus. i. 43. ~ 2.) * have been placed. (ISl. p. 245.)
Persons who possessed lands in Attica were fre- Some Greek tombs were built under ground, and
quently buried in them, and we therefore read of called 7lypogea (67roryaa or 67r6,yela). They cortombs in the fields. (Dem. c. EZerfg. p. 1 159; respond to the Roman conditorias. (Petron. c. 111.)
Donat. ad Ter. Esun. P-rol. 10.) Tombs, however, At Athens the dead appear to have been usually
were most frequently built by the side of roads and buried in the earth; and originally the place of their
near the gates of the city. Thus the tomb of Thu- interment was'not marked by any monument. (Cic.
cydides was near the Melitian gate (Paus. i. 23. de Leg. ii. 25.) Afterwards, however, so much
~ 11); but the most common place of burial was expense was incurred in the erection of monuments
outside of the Itonian gate, near the road leading to to the deceased, that it was provided by one of
the Peiraeeus, which gate was for that reason called Solon's laws; that no one should erect a monument
the burial gate. ('HpiaL irwati, Etymn. Mleag. and which could not be completed by ten men in the
Harpocr. s. v.; Theophr. C(lar. 14.) Those who course of three days. (Id. ii. 26.) This law, howhad fallen in battle were buried at the public ex- ever, does not seem to have been strictly observed.
pense in the outer Cerameicus, on the road leading' We read of one monument which cost twenty-five
to the Academia. (Thuc. ii. 34; Paus. i. 29. minae (Lys. c. Diog..p. 905), and of another which
~ 4.) cost more than two talents. (Dem. c. Steph. i.
The tombs were regarded as private property, p. 1125. 15.) Demetrius Phalereus also attempted
and belonged exclusively to the families whose re- to put a stop to this expense by forbidding the
latives had been buried in them. (Dem. c. Eubusl. erection of any funeral monument more than three
p. 1307, c. MIaact. p. 1077; Cic. de Leg. ii. 26.) cubits in height. (Cic. 1. c.)
Tombs were called;SKei, Td01ol, CYs,(laTa, The monuments erected over the graves of per[.waljtea,'-/eAaze. IMany of these were only sons were usually of four kinds: 1. o're'Xal, pillars
mounds of earth or stones (Xcwsan'a, rcoX&,at, or upright stone tablets; 2. xloes, columns; 3.
rTV/.te). Others were built of stone, and frequently va'tda or jp.ea, small buildings in the form of temornamented with great taste. Some of the most pies; and 4. Tpc're(al, flat square stones, called by
remarkable Greek tombs are those which have Cicero (I. c.) nzensace. The term'-rTiAc is somebeen discovered in Lycia by Sir C. Fellows. In the times applied to all kinds of funeral monuments,
neighbourhood of Antiphellus the tombs are very but properly designates upright stone tablets, which
numerous. They all have Greek inscriptions, which were usually terminated with an oval heading,
are generally much destroyed by the damp sea called e7riejlca. These ErOMl/cyaea were frequently
air. The following woodcut, taken from Fellows's ornamented with a kind of arabesque work, as in
work (Excursiosn ic Asia MIlnizor, p. 219), contains the two following specimens taken from Stackelone of these tombs, and will give an idea of the berg (pl. 3). The shape of the 4oriOcta, however,
general appearance of the whole. sometimes differed; among the Sicyonians it was.o I
= -
"_ fq a in the shape of the &aeds orfizst!giums [FASTIGvIUass,
which is placed over the extremity of a temple.
__.. n e'The oieovEs, or colunr, waere of aeriouct forms.