Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

FOLLIS. FONS. 543
the same privilege that was offered to himself. The The termfollis is also applied to a leather purse
people of a state which had accepted the Roman or bag (Plant. Asul. ii. 4. 23; Juv. xiv. 281); and
civitas (fundusfactus est), were called, in reference the diminutive folliculus to the swollen capsule of
to their condition after such acceptance,'" fundani." a plant, the husk of a seed, or anything of similar
This word only occurs in the Latin inscription (the appearance. (Senec. lo~at. Qaoest. v. 18; Tertull.
Lex Romana) of the tablet of Heraclea, 1. 85, and De Res. Carn. 52.)
proves that the inscription is posterior to the Lex Two inflated skins (8o e(pvSeat, Herod. i. 68;
Julia de Civitate. It has indeed been supposed (c7rvpa, Ephor. Frao. p. 188; Irprl/r-pss, Apoll.
that the word may refer to the acceptance by the Rhod. iv. 763, 777), constituting apair of'bellows,
state of Heraclea of this lex which is on the tablet; and having valves adjusted to the natural apertures
but there is no doubt that it refers to the prior lex at one part for admitting the air, and a pipe inwhich gave the civitas. [FuNnus.] serted into another part for its emission, were an
It must be observed that the acceptance of the essential piece of filrniture in every forge and fountwo Leges above mentioned could only refer to the dry. (11. xviii. 372-470; Virg. Aen. viii. 449.)
federate states, and the few old Latin states. The According to the nature and extent of the work
Latinae coloniae also received the civitas by the to be done the bellows were made of the hides of
Julia Lex; but as they were under the sovereignty oxen (taominis Jbllibus, Virg. Geoos. iv. 171), or of
of Romle, their consent to the provisions of this lex goats (hircinis, Hor. Sat. i. 4. 19), and other
was not required, smaller animals. The nozzle of the bellows was
Before the passing of the Julia Lex, it was not called &acpo(r'toLo or'&poo-'i'ulov (Thucyd. iv.
unusual for the Socii and Latini to adopt Roman 100; Eust. in RI. xviii. 470). In bellows made
leges into their own system, as examples of which after the fashion of those exhibited in the lamp
Cicero mentions the Lex Furia de Testamentis, and here introduced fiom Bartoli (Ant. Lucerne, iii. 21),
the Lex Voconia de Mulierum lHereditatibus; and we may imagine the skin to have been placed behe adds that there were other instances. (1Pro tween the two boards so as to produce a machine
Baldbo, c. 8.) In such cases, the state which like that which we now employ. [J. Y.]
adopted a Roman lex was said' in earn legens
fundus fieri." It hardly needs remark that the
state which adopted a Roman lex, did not thereby
obtain for its citizens any privileges with respect
to the Roman state: the federate state merely
adopted the provisions of the Roman lex as being i
applicable to its own circumstances.
An apparent difficulty is caused by the undoubted u
fact, that the provisions of the Lex Julia required X
that the states which wished to avail themselves
of its b6nefits, should consent to accept them. As K
the federate states commenced the war in order to
obtain the civitas, it may be asked why twas it
given to theim on the condition of becoming " f-un.- -U/',l
dus?" In addition to the reasons for such condition, which are suggested by Savigny, it may be
observed that the lex only expressed in terms what
would necessarily have been implied, if it had not FONS (Icp'v-r), signifies originally a natural
been expressed: a federate state must of necessity spring of water, but both the Greeks and Romans
declare by a public act its consent to accept such a had artificial fountains, made either by coverilng
proposal as was contained in the Lex Julia. It and decorating a spring with buildings and sculpappears from the cases of Ileraclea and Naples, ture, or by making a jet or stream of water, supthat the citizens of a federate state were not il all plied by an elevated cistern, play into an artificial
cases unlanimous in changing their former alliance basin. Such fountains served the double purpose
with Rome into an incorporation with tl e of use and orn the Ron of use and ornaentGrees, the
state. [CIVITAs.] formed the only public supply of water except the
There were federate cities beyond the limits of rain-water which was collected in cisterns [AQuJAEItaly, as shown by the example of Gades: Sagun- DUCTUS]; ald at Rome, the poorer people, who
tum and Massilia also are ensumerated among such could not afford to have water laid on to their
cities. (Savigny, Volkssclluss der Tfel Von tlera- houses, no doubt procured it from the public founlclca, Zeitschrif, &c. vol. ix.; kMazochi, Tab. Hr-ltc. tains.
p. 465.) [G. L.] Several examples of natural springs, converted
FOEDUS. [FOEDERAT.AE CIVITATES.] into ornamented fountains, in the cities of Greece,
FOENUS. [FENUS.] have been mentioned under AQTJAFDU vTUS. They
FOLLIS, dim. FOLLI'CULUS, an inflated were covered to keep them pure and cool, and the
ball of leather, perhaps originally the skin of a covering was frequently in the form of a monopteral
quadruped filled with air: Martial (iv. 19) calls temple: there were also statues, the subjects of
it " light as a feather." Boys and old men among which were suggested by the circumstance that
the Romians threw, it from one to another with every fountain was sacred to some divinity, or they
their arms and hands as a gentle exercise of the were taken from the whole range of mythological
body, unattended with danger. (Mart. vii. 31, legends. That at Megara, erected by Theagenes,
xiv. 45, 47; Athen. i. 25.) The emperor Au- is described by Pausanias as worth seeing for its
gustus (Sutet. Aug. 83) became fond of the exercise size, its beauty, and the number of its columns (i.
mis he grew old. (See Becker, r(llus, a-ol. i. 40. ~ 1). That of Peirene at Corinth was adorned
p. 271.) with covered cisterns of white marble like grottoes5