Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

FLABELLTUJM. FLAG IUM. 53.
Quadragelilria - 40 480 - that they might be firled, unfilrled, and flutteredl
Tricenaria - 30: 360 - nor were they even carried by the ladies themselves.
Vicenaria - 20 --: 240 - They were, it is true, of elegant forms, of delicate
Quindena 15: 180 - colours (prasinofiabello, Mart. iii. 40), and' someDena - 10 -: 120 -- times of costly and splendid materials, such as peaOctona - 8 96 - cock's feathers (Propert. ii. 15); but they were
Quinaria - a5 60 - stiff and of a fixed shape, and were held by female
slaves (./labella erae, Philemon, as translated by
From this scale it is evident, at a mere glance, that
the thickness of the plates was the same for pipes of Plaut. Tin. ii. 1. 22), by bentifu l boys (Stl ato,
all sizes, namely, such that each strip of lead, ten Eig. 22), or by eunuchs (Eurip. Orest 1408
feet long and one digit wide, weighed twelve pounds. 1412; Mendnler, p. 175, ed. Meineke; and as
T7'he 7tcclmtosfolloved by Pliny otranslated by Terence, Eo2n. iii. 5. 45-54), whose
The account of Vitruvius. 31)nd lldis ( ix. 12: cop. duty it was to wave them so as to produce a cool(H. N. xxxi. 6. s. 31) and Palladius (ix. 12: coamp iii breeze. (Bruck, Anal. ii. 92.) A gentieman
the notes of Schneider and Gesner). lla bleeze. (Blunlk Xctl.ii. 92.) A gentien
the notes of Schneider and Gesner). might, nevertheless, take the fan into his own
Frontinus, who enters into the subject much more might, cevertheless, trie the fan into hls oU'I
Frontinus, whely objects to enters into the subject much more hand and use it in fanning a lady as a compliment.
minutely, objects to the system of Vitruvius as too
indefinite, on account of the variation which is (Ovid, ats AB. i. 161, Ameol. iii. 2. 38.) The
made in the shape of the pipe in bending up the woodcut at p. 257 shows a female bestowing this
plate of lead; and he thinks it more probable that attendance upon her mistress. The fan which she
the names were derived from the length of the in- holds is appareltly made of separate feathers joined
ternla diameters, reckoned in q2adrantes (the unit at the base, and also united both by a thread passbeing the digit), that is, in quarters of a digit ing o the ips ad y another stonger threa
tied to the middle of the shaft of each feather.
so that the Quinaria had a diameter of five fourths
of a digit, or 1~ digit, and so on, up to the Vicesaria, Another use of the fan was to drive away flies
above which the notation was altered, and the names from living persons, and from articles of food
vwere no loinger taken from the numbes of linear which were either placed upon the table or offered
qersters of a digit in the dianetelr of the pipe, but in sacrifice. When intended for a fly-flapper it
from the number of squazcre qluarters ofa cgit in its was less stiff, and was called szuscarium (Mart. xiv.
area and this system prevailed up to the Centumn- 67), and 1usloo@rJ (Menander, p. 175; Aelian,
Tricena, which was the largest size in use, as the h. A. xv. 14; Bruack, Anal. ii. 388, iii. 92). In
Quinaria was the smallest: the latter is adopted short, the manner of using fans was precisely that
by Frontinus as the standard measure (mnoduzluzs) of which is still practised in China, India, and other
the whole system. (For further details see Fron- parts of the East; and Euripides (I. c.) says that
tinsse, de Aq~ued. 20-63, pp. 70-1 12, iwith tlhe the Greeks derived their knowledge of them friom
Notes of Polenus.) Another mode of explaining rba countries The emperor Augus
the nomenclature was by the story that when ad a slave to fan him during his sleep (Sueton.
Agrippa undertook the oversight of the aquaeducts, Aug. 82); for the use of fans was not confined to
finding the moduluss inconveniently small, he en- es
larged it tofiree times its diameter, and hence the esides separate feathers the ancient fan wa
# to~ t i * * a) ] *e asometimes made of linen, extended upon a light
origin of thefistula qui2naria. (Frontin. 25, pp. 80, o t
7 frame. (Strato, 1. c.) From the above-cited pas(1.) Of these accounts that of Vitruvius appears sae of the
at once the most simple and the mnost correct: in- compared with representations of the flabellump in
deed it would seem that the plan of measurement compared ith representations of the fabellum i
was very probably the invention of Vitruvius him- ancient paintings, it also appears to have been
wans very p~robably the invention ofVitruvius hi-m ade by placing the two wings of a bird back to
self. (Frontin. 1. c.) Respecting the uses of pipesmade b plai the two wings of a bird back to
itl the (Fronaqueductsn see AQUAD tUS. uses of pipfsback, fastening them together in this position, and
in the aqueducts, see AQUAEDUCTUS.
attaching a handle at the base. (See also Brunck,
Of the earthen (terra-cotta) pipes we know very attaching a handle at the base. (See also Bruck,
little. Pliny says that they are best when their An l. ii. 258, fIvsept', ptbraa.)
thickness is two digits (1L inch), and that each A more homely application of the fan was its use
thickness sin cookery [Focus]. In a painting which reprepipe should have its end inserted in the next, and sents a spinfice to sis (A lt. d' oano,. 60
the joints should be cemented; but that leaden prts a sacrifie to Isis (At. re pon the ii. 60)with
pipes should be used where the water rises. The a s
a triangular flabellum, such as is still used in Italy.
earthen pipes Were thought more wholesome than angular flabelum, such as is still used in Italy.
the leaden. Plin.ipes ere thougt more wolesome tr This practice gave origin among classical writers to
1.the le. 10en. (Plnla...) Water pipes 31ere also uv. expressions corresponding to ours, meaning to fall
L. c. ~ 10; Pallad. ix. 11.) Water pipes were also the flame of hope (Alciph. iii. 47), of love ('t1riCEtv,
made of leather (Plin. It. N. v. 31. s. 34; Vitrsv flame of hope (Alciph. iii. 47), of love (1inriismv
Iide of leather (Plin. IT N. v. 3'. s. 34; V'trllvBrunck, ii. 306), or of sedition (Aristoph. Ran.
1. c. ~ 8); and of wood (Pallad. 1. c.), especially of 360 Cic. 30)o Flreo. 23). [J. Y.]
the hollowed trunks of the pine, fir, and alder. FLAGRUM, o lac. FL3 GELLUM (.Y]),
(Plin. II. N. xvi. 42. s. 81.) [P. S.aFLAGRUM, dim. FLAGELLUM (]ocr-Li,
(PFLABELUin. dii. 42. se. 1.) FABE UUS. a whip, a scourge, to the handle of which was
FLABELL e, diu. FLAnELLULU, o fixed a lash made of cords (fusnibus, Hor. Epod.
(pt~drisi PtIbrLf7p, dim. pbtz'Lo~,) a fan. "d The exiv. 3; John, ii. 15), or thongs of leather (loris,
ercise of the fan," so wittily described by Addison Ir. E3pist. i. 16. 47; ongeriva, Anac. p. 357, ad.
(Spect. No. 102), was whvolly unklnow to the Fischer), especially thongs made from the ox's
ancients. Neither were their fans so constructed hide (bubusis exuviis, Plaut. Most. iv. 1. 26). The
flagellum properly so called was a dreadful instru* Pliny and Palladius, and even the ancient ment, and is thus put in opposition to the scutica,
MASS. of Vitruvius, give here C, which, however, is which was a simple whip. (Hor. Sat. i. 3. 119.)
clearly an error of a transcriber who did not perceive Cicero in like manner contrasts the severe flagella
the law of the proportion, but who had a fancy for with the virgae (pro Rabir. 4). The flagellum
the round number. was chiefly used in the punishment of slaves. It