Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

EXERCITUS. EXHIBENDUM, ACTIO AD. 511
weapons of the spear kind, -- UOrTdv probably in- much that belongs to the cavalry is necessarily intended to represent the pilum, for which ralods is cluded under EQUITES; the position of the allies
generally employed; Kgiwv the light javelin; XdyXVq in the service under SociI; the life-guards under
and ldpu, pikes of different kinds. It would ap- PRAETORIANI; the pay of the soldier under
pear from Arrian that the Ad6yX7 was sometimes STIPENDIUM; a detailed account of his armour
used as a missile. and weapons under GALEA, LORICA, OCREA,
Finally, some additional light will be thrown CALIGA, HASTA, PILUM, GLADIUS, SCUTUM,
upon the constitution of a Roman army about half a &c.; of his dress under CHLAMYS, PALUDAcentury later by the instructions issued for the line MENTUM, SAGUM; of the standards under SIGNA
of march to be observed by the force despatched MILITARIA; of military processions under OVAagainst the Scythian Alani, preserved in the frag- TIO, TRviMPHUvs; of punishments under FVSTUment of Arrian, of which we have spoken above. ARIUM, DECIMATIO; of military rewards under
The force in question consisted of the fifteenth TORQUES, PHALERAE, CORONA; of military enlegion, which was complete, and of the twelfth, gines under TORMENTUM, ARIES, VINEAE,
which appears to have been a fragment only, these PLUTEI, HELEPOLIS, TURRIS, &c. [W. R.]
legions having both cavalry and. skirmishers at- EXETASTAE (e'ratevral), special commistached to them exactly as under the republic - of sioners sent out by the Athenian people to investiseveral cohortes equitatae, composed of Italians, gate any matters that might claim attention. Thus
Cyrenians, Armenians, and others, each of these we find mention of Exetastae being appointed to
battalions containing heavy and light infantry to- ascertain whether there were as many mercenaries
gether with squadrons of cavalry - of cohortes pe- as the generals reported. It appears to have been no
ditatae, including infantry only, both light and uncommon plan for the commanders, who received
heavy, and of light cavalry of the allies and of pay for troops, to report a greater number than
barbarians. The order in which they were to ad- they possessed, in order to receive the pay themvance was as follows: — selves; in which case they were said "to draw
1. Horse scouts (icaraoic&rrovr hr7iar), horse pay for empty places in the mercenary force"
archers and slingers (1irorooSto'Tas ical reTrpalovs), (fAW'ocpops e'v d'r4 eVlt KeCass7 Xcipajs, Aeschin.
commanded by their own decurions (68ecascpXaL). c. Ctes. p. 536). The commissioners, however, who
2. Various corps of foreign cavalry, Cyrenians, were sent to make inquiries into the matter, often
Ituraeans, Celts, and others, of whom the names allowed themselves to be bribed. (Aeschin. c.
are doubtful. 3. The whole of the infantry arch- Timarch7. p. 131, De Fals. Leg. p. 339; Bdckh.
ers, followed by different bodies of heavy-armed Publ. Eeon. qf Athens, p. 292, 2nd ed.)
infantry, not legionaries, Italians, Cyrenians, Bos- EXHERES. [HEREB.]
poranians and Numidians, the flanks of this division EXHIBENDU M, ACTIO AD. This action
being covered by cavalry. 4. The equites selecti was introduced mainly with respect to vindicaand the equites of the legion (o &7rhb Trs pdihay-yos tiones or actions about property. " Exhibere'" is
i7rcr-es). 5. The artillery (icKava7re'rAv). 6. The defined to be " facere in publico potestatem, ut ei
standard (e4puEe7o) of the fifteenth legion, and qui agat experiundi sit copia." This was a peraround it the principal officers, namely the com- sonal action, and he had the right of action who
mender of the legion (TyEIZ&, T-ris 4pdAayyos), the intended to bring an actio in rem. The actio ad
legatus (?) (U'ra'pXos), the tribunes (or XAiLdpXoL), exhibendum was against a person who was in
and the centurions of the first cohort (EhcaTdv'JapXal possession of the thing in quest4on, or had frauduo0 TrS 7rpc6Tr1s orreLprs irT a'Tr&'dra).. Here, it will lently parted with the possession of it X and the
be remarked, we meet with an officer called the object was the production of the thing for the pur~7fY5?&i r'rs Qpuixayyos and his deputy or nra'pXos. pose of its being examined by the plaintiff. The
7. The infantry of the legion, four and four, pre- thing, which was of course a movable thing, was
ceded by their own skirmishers (7reEd 0 o acoiV-cr- to be produced at the place where it was at the
-at). 8. Foreign ('rb cuLlaSXLb~K) infantry, both commencement of the legal proceedings respecting
light and heavy. 9. The baggage (Ta& oKevopdpa). it; but it was to be taken to the place where the
10. The rear brought up by an ala of Getae under action was tried, at the cost and expense of the
their praefectus (EsiApXqis). The centurions were plaintiff.
to march on the flanks of the infantry, keeping the The action was extended to other eases: for inmen to their ranks: for the sake of greater security stance, to cases when a man claimed the privilege
a body of horsemen was to ride in single file along of taking his property off another person's land,
the whole length of the line; the commander-in- that other person not being legally bound to restore
chief, Xenophon, was to march in front of the in- the thing, though bound by this action to allow
fantry standards, but to move about occasionally the owner to take it; and to some cases where a
from place to place, watching everything, and pre- man had in his possession something in which his
serving order everywhere. It appears that of the own and the plaintiff's property were united, as a
cavalry some were archers (iairroT0'oTaW), some jewel set in the defendant's gold, in which case
lancers (XoyXoqp6pot), some pole-men (KOv'reodPOmt), there might be an actio ad euhibendum for tihe
some sword-men (puaXatpoeppoi), some axe-men purpose of separating the things (at excludatur ad
(rexetcoodppL); these and many other curious par- exhibendfm agi potest, Dig. 19. tit. 4. s. 6).
ticulars may be extracted from the detailed account If the thing was not produced when it ought to
of the Ag-men, and from the Acies or scheme of have been, the plaintiff might have damages for
battle by which it is followed; but unfortunately loss caused by such non-prodsrtion. This action
we are so much embarrassed at every step by the would lie to produce a slave, in oMder that he might
uncertainty of the text that it is scarcely safe to be put to the torture to discover hiis confederates.
form positiveconclusions. The ground of the right to the production of a
A great many topics connected with a Roman thing, was either property in the thirg or some inarmy are discussed under separate articles: thus, terest; and it was the business of the jidex to