Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

bO1 EXERCITUS. EXERCITUS.
ordinary soldiers. Tacitus mentions at the cornm- o 7rXE'ov XIeL liPcos) on the right side. I he select
mencement of his history (i. 6), that Galba found infantry in attendance upon the general carried a
in the city a legion "quam e classe Nero conscrip- long spear (AdOyXXV, hastaln), and a round shield
serat" (comp. Dion Cass. Lxiv. 3; Suet. Galb. 12; (ao'7riaa, clipeum); the rest of the legionaries (j7
Plut. Galb. 15), which he subsequently (i. 31, 36) Be Xoaril qxdiAay) a pilunm (?) (vuordv), and a
terms "legio classica" and " classicorum legio" scuturn. (UpvlpEb, /sr11uj ). In addition, each man
(comp. iL 1l, 14, 17, 22, iii. 55), and elsewhere had a saw and a basket (7rpi'ova Ical Kdpiov), a
(ii. 67) we hear of the " prima classicorum legio." mattock and a hatchet (6,uxs Ksal 7rehAeevK,), a leather
ll the Annals classiarius is the form which he strap, a hook anl a chain (iudyara seal aploravogenerally employs, as classiariorum copia (Ann. iv. sal hAvoIv), together with provisions for three
27), and centurioee classiario (Ann. xiv. 8). days, - so that. says Josephus, the Roman in17. Nationes. - These occupied the same posi- fantry differ little from mules of burden.
fiea with regard to the sociae co/tortes, that the The Equites wore helmets and cuirasses like
allImir and Phanenoii Veredarii did with regard to the infantry, with a broadsword at their right side
the regular Alke of cavalry. They were battalions (,udXaipa paisacpi), and carried in their hand a long
composed entirely of barbarians, or of the most pole (KOVbrrS lrm/jreS); a buckler swung at their
nmcivil'sed among the subjects of Rome, and were horses' flank (uvpebs 3p 7rapa 7rXEvpha9''rroL
probably chiefly employed upon outpost duties. orAdTyos), and they were furnished with a quiver
HIyginus allows space for 3300, consisting of Pal- containing three or more javelins (dfcovres), with
sozyrcsti; Gaetae; Daci; Britones; Canztabri. broad points, and as large as spears ( ovrl &aroieov-.
Urbanae Co/tortes. - We may take occasion to Tres E aopiaTW yEeOos). Those selected to attend
notice in this place two bodies of men established the general differed, in no respect, in their apduring the first years of the empire, who held a pointments from the regular cavalry (r'v E' TrasS
station intermediate between regular troops and ]lais Lr7r4eav).
an armed police, their services being, properly The Jewish historian has moreover given an acspeaking, confined to the city. These were the count of the Aymen or line of march in which the
EUrba/xe Co/tortes and the Co/tortes Vigilum. army of Vespasian entered Galilee (B. J. iii. 6. ~ 2),
Dion Cassius (lv. 24) informs us that Augustus, this being, he adds, the regular arrangement folin addition to the praetorian cohorts, instituted a lowed by the Romans. 1. The light-armed auxforce of city guards, amounting to six thousand iliaries and bowmen (roe5s /1 -ye di;sous TWV i7rimen idivided into four battalions: to these he else- KOVspwv Kal -rso4Tas) advanced first to reconnoitre.
where gives the name of &ertKoe (lix. 2), while, to examine woods and suspicious localities, and to
by the Latin writers, they are usually distin- give timely notice of the approach of an enemy.
guished, as Co/hores Urbanae or Urbana militia, 2. A detachment of Roman heavy-armed troops,
theoir quarters, which were within the city, being horse and foot ('Povua[wvy 6orT7rrtci) /eopa, 7reoeS.re
the Ulbana Castro. According to Tacitus, who seal yroress). 3. Ten men out of each century car-.tates the number of cohorts at three only, they, rying their own equipments and'the measures of the
like the praetorians, were levied in Latium, Umbria, camp (QuiEpa Tr/s orapIeAoxAs). 4. The pioneers
Etruria, and the ancient Roman colonies (Tacit. (MSo7roete). The baggage of Vespasian and his
Asnn. iv. 5), and were under the immediate com- legati (-re v7r' auTa?'iepdyoCvCy) guarded by a
mand of the praefect of the city, whence it was strong body of horse. 6. Vespasian himself atsurged upon Flavius Sabinus (Tacit. Hist. iii. 64), tended by Selecti Pedites, Selecti Equites, and a body
4' esse illi proprium militem cohortium urbanarum." of spearmen (AXo pdxoppovs). 7. The peculiar
C/hortes Vigilsm. - Augustus organised a large cavalry of the legion ('ob lLov -roi -rtyaToss Oar7body of night-watchers also, whose chief duty was mrKbv), for, he subjoins, each legion has 120 horse
to act as firemen (Adversus incendia excubias noc- attached to it. This we perceive was a return, to
ursnas zgilesque commentus est, Sueton. Octav. 30). a certain extent, to the ancient system. 8. The
They were divided into seven cohorts, in the pro- artillery dragged by mules (or Ta-' eAEhrdAEXs pei-;portion of one cohort to each two Regiones, were porerEs OPers Kal Ti Axorra ey77Xasv'ara.) 9. The
stationed in fourteen guardhouses (excubitoria), legati, praefects of cohorts and tribunes (-ysesu'es,and are called VUsospvdAa Ks by the Greek, Co- e Kseal o7rElpcs, EOrapXOL ourb XLALdpXOL)' guarded,/ortes VigilsEms by the Latin writers. They were by a body of picked soldiers. 10. The standards,commanded by a Praefectus (Tacit. Ann. xi. 35), surrounding the eagle (atr oa-Izaiat repi`'Xoveac
who was of equestrian rank; but the corps, in con- b-y a'ETod). 11. The trumpeters (oer aaAh7rty7ea[).
sequence of being raised among the class of li- 12. The main body of the infantry (i cpdXaaya)
bertini, was regarded as occupying a position in- six abreast, accompanied by a centurion (lena-osferior to, that of regular soldiers (Dion Cass. Iv. 26, TdapX-qs), whose duty it was to see that the men
lix. 2). In Tacitus (Hist. iii. 64), they are termed kept their ranks. 13. The whole body of slaves
the servieia of tihe aristocracy, and Suetonius (Octav. attached to each legion (ob OltKETaKbs eiCKd'ov O Ty25) alludes to them as "libertino milite." (Comp. gua-aos), driving the mules and beasts of burden
Dig. 1. tit. 1.5 s. 3.) loaded with the baggage. 14. Behind all the legions followed the mercenaries (6 ieOt6ios OXAos).
Equioepmm eft ite Tsroops unEder th~e Empire 15. The rear was brought up by a strong body of
Josephus has transmitted to us a description of infantry and cavalry. Josephus seems to desigthe equipment of the Roman troops, and his testi- nate the legati by the word yeIudves, the Tribuni
anony is peculiarly valuable, proceeding, as it does, militunz by AoXoayoe or XiAidpXoi, the centuriones
from a competent eye-witness (B. J. iii. 5. ~ 5). by TaiacpXot or EKaa-or-apXatl; whether he means
The infantry wore cuirasses, helmets, and two by obpasoi (in iii. 6. ~ 2) the optiones who are so
swords (acpati re 7retppay/'vos t stal tepcr'o- seal designated by Polybius, or intends to comprehend
aaXampoepopoeares aJrupore'pwoeV), that is, a long the whole rear-guard under the appellation, may
sword on the left, and a short dagger (oe7rt0,.,cs; admit of doubt. Four words are used to denote