Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

EXERCITUS..EXERCITUS. 509
St. Mark, vi. 27, and comment. of Cihrysost.; comp. named above was guarding the pioneers as they
Suet. Calig. 32), and seem to have acted as couriers performed their labours in advance of the army.
likewise. (Tacit. Hist. ii. 73.) They formed a When Tacitus speaks of " Alares Pannonios,
regular corps with officers of their own (Tacitus robur equitatus" (Ann. xv. 1 0) he must mean
speaks of an optio specultorunm, H. i. 25), and cavalry of a different description from the Panmust have been numerous, as appears from such nonii veredarii of Hyginus, who, probably, reexpressions as "praetoriarum cohortium et specula- sembled the Cossacks of modern warfare.
torum equitumque valida manus" (Tacit. H. ii. 14. Cohlortes peditatae, were battalions raised
33); and from inscriptions where mention is made chiefly in the provinces, composed of Roman citiof a sixth cohort of speculatores (Orell. 3518); zens, of subjects and allies, or of citizens, allies,
while from another inscription, in which a certain and subjects indiscriminately. They were, it
L. Veturius is styled PRARF. TURMAE. SPECu- would appear, not bound down by the same strict
LAT., it is manifest that there must have been rules with regard to the period of service as the
mounted speculatores. The word is used also by legionaries, not so heavily equipped, and not subTacitus to denote an ordinary scout. (Ann. ii. 12.) jected to the same exhausting labours. Vegetius,
11. The scouts, however, formed a distinct body in the chapter where he endeavours to account for
under the name of Eilor-tores, and Hyginus the decay of the legionary force (ii. 3), throws
quarters them appropriately at the extremity of the some light upon these points. To this class of
camp nearest to the Praetorian gate, and close to troops belonged the co/osrtes auxiliares, the a xilia
the Pioneers. cohortium, and the sociorzum cooeorles, of whoom we
12. Alae. —From the time when the cavalry read in Tacitus, together with a multitude of
were separated from the legion they were formed others recorded in inscriptions and named for the
into bodies called alce, which varied in number most part from the nations of which they were comaccording to circumstances. Hyginus provides ac- posed. The expression co7eorter decienam octavaen
commodation in his camp for four Alae /Milliariace, (Tacit. H. i. 64) indicates that these cohorts were
and for five Alae Qeingenariae. numbered regularly like the legions. Hyginus
The Ala, Milliaria was divided into 24 turmae, provides accommodation for Cohortes ped/itatce nleach of which, according to the conjecture of liariae tres, and(Cohortes peditatae qzingenaeriae tes.
Schelius, consisted of 40 men except the first 15. Cohortes Equitatae differed from the Ped-iwhich had 80. The commander of the whole was tatae in this only, that they were made up of inthe Praefectzs Alae, the inferior officers were 24 fantrv combined with cavalry. A Coors sEquitata
clecizriones, 24 duplicarii, and 24 sesquiplarii, that Af'illiacria contained 760 foot soldiers divided into
is, a decurio, a duplicarius, and a sesquiplarius for 10 centuries, and 240 horsemen divided into 10
each turmna. turmae. A Colbors Equitata quingenaria contained
The Ala Quingenaria was divided into 1 6 turmae 380 foot-soldiers divided into six (?) centuries and
with a decurio, a duplicarius and sesquiplarius for 120 horsemen, divided into 5 turmae. There is an
each, and we may suppose that each turma con- inscription in the collections of Gruter (p. Mcvri.)
sisted of 30 men except the first, which thus would to the memory of L. Flavius, who a=mong other
have 50. military titles is styled PRAEF. CoH. PcIsIMiE.
Each decurio had three horses allowed to him, EQUITATAE. CIV. ROMAN. IN. GERMAN. INeach duplicarius and each sesquiplarius two horses, FERIORE; Pliny, in one of his epistles (x. 108),
so that the total number of horses in the Ala 1M1il- and Trajan in his reply, make use of the terms
liadic was 1090, and in the Ala Quisngenaria 504, Cob/ors equestris, the former mentioning a centurion
exclusive of those belonging to the P-aeeficti. in connection with it, which proves that it contained
It is evident that the dclplicarcii and sesquilolaii infantry. Tacitus (Hist. iv. 19) speaks of cohorts
here named were subalterns; according to the of the Batavi and Canninefates, who, among other
ancient signification of duplicarius, as interpreted demands, insisted that the number of horse should
by Varro (L. L. v. ~ 90), it denoted a soldier who be increased (augeri nunersum eqzuitm)i); and
on account of his valour was allowed double ra- Josephus, in describing the army of Vespasian;
tions (comp. Liv. xxiv. 47, ii. 59), which must of notices 10 cohorts (arelpar) of 600 infantry and
course have been convertible into increased pay. 120 cavalry, a series of passages which evidently
(Orelli, C. I. 3535.) Such persons are frequently refer to Cbhortes Equitatae. The Cohortes Pepresented to us in inscriptions under the cognate dilatae are not mentioned under that name except
forms dZplcarius, duplicarius, and duopliciarius. Thus by Hyginus, but are indicated by Tacitus in the
we have DUiPL. N. ExPLOR. (Duplarii numeri words (Ann. xiii. 35), "c ex Germania legio cum
ecplorator-um, Orell. 206); DUPLARIO LEG. I. equitibus alariis et Fedilctss co/sortiumz.". 1-yginus
(lb. 3531); DUPLARIus ALARIUS (Ib. 2003); allows space for Cohortes equitatae milliariee duae;
DuPLICARIUS (lb. 3533); DUPLICIAR. (lb. 3534). and Cohortes eqzltatae qzingenariae quatuor.
Sesqui2plarius, which evidently denotes a soldier 16. CGassici, which we may fairly render M1cwho received a ration and a half, appears in no rines, were employed, according to Hyginus,. as
authors except Hyginus and Vegetius, of whom pioneers. They corresponded to the Navales Socii,
the latter gives them gold collars and styles them under the republic, who were always regar-ed as
Torquati duplares, torquati sesquiplares (ii. 7), but inferior to regular soldiers, and were recruited, as
the title is met with in inscriptions. (Orell. 3470.) we learn from Polyhbins, among those persons
13. lausri Equites. -Pannonii Veredarii. - whose fortune did not entitle them to enlist in the
The Alae were raised in the Roman provinces and legions. After the establishment by Augustus of
consisted, probably, for the most part, of citizens, regular permanent fleets at Misenum, Ravelmnna,
or at least subjects. But in addition to these and on the coast of Gaul, a large body of men
every army at this period was attended by must have been required to man them, who, when
squadrons of light horse composed entirely of bar- their services were not required ailoat, were (called
barians; and the chief duty performed by those upon, at least in great emergencies, to serve';sL