Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

/;08 EXERCITUS. EXERCITUS.
SGeri eaniae pr aeventies est ('I-ist. i. 53); Equlitul) guards instituted by himself, who are described by
exillac (rist. ii. 11). Compare, MCanipzli ante Suetonius (Galc. 10), "Delegit et equestris ordinis
coeptanm seditiones Nsauportuzmn snissi... vexilla juvenes, qui, manente annulorum aureorumn usu,
convellugt (Ann. i. 20). But when Vexillcrii or Eeocati appellarentur, excubiasque circa cubiculumn
Vreaillae are accompanied by any word which de- suum vice militum agerent."
notes an immediate connection with a legion, as 4. Cohortes Praetoriae. To these a separate
exillari ci dscorcdiue legionslro (Ann. i. 38); quareta article is devoted. [PRAETORIANI.]
decize legio cuznz vexillariis vicesimanis (Ann. xiv. 5. Eqsuites Praetoriani. [PRAETORIAN1.]
34); cun vexillis nonae secundaeque et vicesihnze 6. Prinzipilares. These, according to the arrangeBritanasicarccu legionuse (Hist. iii. 22), then they ments of the Hyginian camp, were placed close to
bear a specific meaning connected with certain the person of the emperor, and must have been a
changes introduced by Augustus. We have seen small corps, consisting of persons who had disthat under the republic a citizen might be called charged the office of legionary Prinzipilts, and
upon to serve for twenty years in the infantry; who now acted as guards or aide-de.camps to the
when the legions became permanent the full pe- commander-in-chief. Primipilares is met with freriod was generally exacted, and those who chose quently in Tacitus and in inscriptions (e.g. Tacit.
to remain after their time was completed, were Ann. ii. 11, iv. 72, Hist. i. 31, 87, ii. 22, iii. 70,
termed v'eterani. Augustus, in the year B. C. 13, iv. 15, Ann. xiii. 36; Orelli, No. 517, 748, 3568).
limited the period of service to twelve years for the 7. Officiales. These appear to have been public.
praetorians, and sixteen for the legionaries, after servants. Thus we read in Appuleius of the offiwhich they were to be entitled to an honourable cialis of an aedile, and in Ulpian of the officialis of
discharge (emissio lhoeesta), and to receive a bounty a praefect. (Dig. 36. tit. 4. s. 5; comp. Gruter,
(graenzsum, conzzmoda missioezsnz); but not long Inser. p. ccccxxii.; Orelli, No. 2952, 4013.)
afterwards, A. D. 5, it was found necessary to in- 8. Equites Sinqulares Imperatoris. These are
crease the period to sixteen years for the prae- classed by Hyginus along with the Equites P'acetorians, and twenty for the legionaries. At this toriani, were like them quartered in the Latera
time it appears probable that the practice was first Praetorii, and equalled or slightly exceeded them
introduced of discharging the soldiers from the in number. The only classical author by whom
legion at the end of sixteen years, and keeping they are noticed is Tacitus, who, in that portion
them together under a vexillum with peculiar of his Histories (iv. 70) where he is describing the
privileges during the remaining four years of their confusion that arose upon the death of Vitellius,
service. Abuses, however, crept in, and many mentions among the troops " alac Singulrwium exsoldiers, instead of being pensioned off at the end cita olim a Vitellio, deinde in partes Vespasiani
of twenty years, were compelled to remain for a trarnsgressa," but they are very frequently commuch longer period, and the discontent caused by memorated in inscriptions, as Equites Singulares s.
such oppression gave rise to the formidable mutinies Sinzgslarlii Iszspe-rca tos-is -Agcusti-Caesac-is-Doin Pannonia and Germany, which burst forth im- mini Nostri, &c. (Orell. No. 3525, &c., 3100,
mediately after the accession of Tiberius. The 3496, 1576),and on one stone we read T. FLAVIUs.
soldiers then demanded that the original arrange- QUINTINUS. EQ. SING. AUG. LECTUS. Ex. EXERment by Augustus should be restored, and that CITU. RAErIco. Ex. ALA. FLAVIA. PIA. FIDELI.
they should receive a full discharge and the bounty MILLIARsA. (Qrell. No. 3409), which may lead
at the end of sixteen years; while, in order to us to suppose that they received their appellatioc
calm their wrath; Germanicus proposed to put an in conseqluence of being selected individually from
end to the disorders of which they complained, other corps, and thus they may belong to the same
and to carry honestly into effect the second arrange- class with the Eqscites Electi (Orell. 31 55) and the
ment according to which they were to serve in the EQ. CUST. AUG. (Orell. 4453).
legion for sixteen years, and then being embodied 9. Stato/es.-Hyginus assigns a place for two
under a vexillum by themselves to be relieved " Centuriae Statorum " immediately in the rear of
of all irksome labours, and to be required only to the Praetorium which they protected, and allots to
face the enemy in the field. (Dion Cass. liv. 25, them, as to the Praetorians, twice as much space,
Iv. 23; Suet. Octav. 49; Tacit. Asnn. i. 17, 36, the in proportion to their numbers, as to the troops of
proposal contained in the last passage being in the line. Hence, it is evident that they were
these words: missionenm dari vicena stipendia me- ranked among the life-guards, although members of
ritis; exsuctorari, qui senadena f/cissent, ac retineri their body may have been employed in the capacity
sub vexillo, cetelrorzm immcseunes nisi propulsandi of couriers, as persons bearing the same designation
hostis). The'exillarii or vexilla le/ionsue, then, certainly were employed both under the republic
were those soldiers who, after having served in and the empire by those invested with military
the legion for sixteen years, became exawctorati, command. (Cic. ad Fanm. ii. 17, 19 " ut ad te
but continued to serve in company with that legion, statores meos et lictores cum literis mitterein'
under a vexillum of their ovn, until they received comp. x. 21; Vuicat. Gallic. Avid. Cass. 9; Lamtheir fill discharge. Hyginus states the number prid. Alex. Sev. 52; Ulpian, Dig. 1. tit. 16. s. 4.)
attached to each legion as usually about five or six In inscriptions we find STATOR. AUG. (Orell.
hundred. 3524), STATOR. CIVITATIS. VIENES. (Ib. 2780),
3. Evocati (&vaicXA'ro). Dion Cassius tells us and once STATORUMI EVOCATI. (Ib. 3422.)
that Augustus began to employ troops bearing this 10. Speculatores, although not provided for by.
denomination when he called out (KdeAe'(rez,) the Hyginus, ought to be mentioned here, since thev
veterans of Julius Caesar to aid him against An- also occupied a place anlong the personal attendants
tonius. They still, says Dion, form a peculiar of the emperors (Ipsusz Othonem comzitabanztur
corps (vo%'or-Vua's'lov), and carry sticks in their speculatorunz, lecta corpora, Tacit. -list. ii. 11.
hands like centurions. (Dion Cass. xlv. 12, Iv. 24). comp. i. 24; Suet. Octav. 74.). They were the
GCalba gave the na'ume of Elveocati to a body of life- executioners of the army (Senec. de Inr, i. 16;