Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

498 EXERCITUS. EXERCITUS.
culiar difficulty and danger it was augmented to lead upon one day should fall behind upon the next
5000 infantry and 300 cavalry, adds distinctly.day, in order that each in turn might have the
that the allies supplied a force of infantry equal to advantage of arriving first at the watering places
that of the legion, and generally thrice as many and fresh pastures. When marching in open
cavalry (c7v. 61e,UV.L.cdXwV, Tb LEV T'wV 7rEC',v ground where an attack on the flanks was antici-'rArhOos 7rcdipoov 7ro00v0L TroSr'PcdaLCKoss 0rrpa-o- pated, a different disposition was sometimes adopted.
7re60Ls, Tb tie TW, L7reroWv'Ws ei7rrav rpLTrXadoov). The Hastati, Principes, and Triarii marched in
When treating more formally of the same subject three columns parallel to each other, the baggage
(vi. 26) he repeats the above observation in nearly of the first maniples took the lead, the baggage of
the same words, but when he came to Tb 8e T&1V the second maniples was placed between the first
rirMrcIv TpnrXAdoiov, many of the MSS. present and second maniples, and so on for the rest, the
8L7rAcdfriov; and a little further on (vi. 30), in the baggage in each case preceding the maniple to
passage where he explains the manner in which which it belonged. If an attack was made then
the troops were quartered in a camp, his expres- the soldiers wheeling either to the right or to the
sions, when interpreted according to their natural left, according to circumstances, and advancing at
meaning and their connection with the preceding the same time a few steps, by this simple and
clause, must signify that the total number of the easily executed movement presented at once an
allied cavalry was double that of the Romans, and even front to the enemy, the whole of the baggage
not, as the Latin translation attached to the edition being now in the rear.
of Schweighaeuser has it, double that of the Generally, when advancing through a country
Romans after deducting one-third for the extra- in which it was necessary to guard against a sudden
ordinarii equites. Livy, when referring to the onset, the troops, instead of proceeding in a loose
position of affairs between the Romans and their straggling column, were kept together in close
allies before the great Latin war of B. c. 340, after compact bodies ready to act in any direction at a
specifying the ordinary strength of the Roman moment's warning, and hence an army under these
armies, adds (viii. 8) " alterum tantum ex Latino circumstances was said agmine quadrato iecedere.
delectu adjiciebatur." When recounting the pre- (e. g. Sail. Jug. 105; Senec. Ep. 59; comp. Cic.
parations for the campaign of Cannae, although he Phil. ii. 42, v. 7.)
appears to allude directly to the narrative of Po- It is to be observed that Polybius, at the outset,
lybius and to copy his words, he contradicts him promises an account of the order of march, of the
directly with regard to the allied cavalry (xxii. encampment, and of the battle array of the Roman
36), " socii duplicem numerum equitum darent." armies (rope'as, Or'pa'o7reseias, rapa'rdsLes; AgAt a somewhat later period (B. c. 189), when four men, Castra, Acies); but that while he has relegions were raised, the socii were required to con- deemed his pledge with regard to the two former,
tribute 15,000 infantry and 1200 cavalry (xxxviii. he has left the last topic untouched, unless, indeed,
35), and nine years afterwards the consuls were it was included in a section now lost. It is, moreordered to levy a new army of four legions " et over, comparatively speaking, a subject of little
socium Latini nominis, quantes semper numerus, consequence, for while we know that a camp was
quindecim millia peditum et octingenti equites " always the same so long as the constitution of the
(xl. 36), which exactly corresponds with what we army remained unchanged, and while the order of
read in a former chapter (xl. 18). The truth march was subject to few modifications, the marseems to be, that although the contingent which shalling of the troops for an engagement must have
each state was bound to furnish, was fixed by varied materially in almost every contest, depend.
treaty, it was seldom necessary to tax all the al- ing necessarily in a great measure on the nature of
lies to the full extent, and hence the senate used the ground, and on the aspect assumed by the foe.
their discretion as to the precise number to be Some doubt exists with regard to the force of
supplied, according to the circumstances of the the term Agmen Pilatum as distinguished from
case, the proportion of confederates to Roman Agene Quadraltum. The explanation quoted from
citizens becoming of course gradually larger as Varro by Servius (Ad Virg. Aen. xii. 121), "6Quadthe limits of the Roman sway embraced a greater ratumnz quod immixtis etiam jumentis incedit, ut
number of cities and districts. (See Lips. de ubivis possit considere: pilaetum, quod sine juMlilit. Rom. ii. 7.) inentis incedit, sed inter se densum est, quo faci.
11. Agmen orLine ofMarc-.-The Extraordinarii lius per iniquiora loca tramittatur," has not been
Pedites led the van followed by the right wing of considered satisfactory, although it is difficult to
the infantry of the allies and the baggage of these understand how Varro, himself a soldier, shotuld
two divisions; next came one of the Roman legions have been inaccurate upon such a point. Where
with its baggage following; next the other Roman the phrase occurs in poetry as in the passage in
legion with its own baggage, and that of the left Virgil referred to above (comp. Martial. x. 48 ), it
wing of the allies, who brought up the rear. The probably denotes merely "columns bristling with
different corps of cavalry somhetimnes followed im- spears."
mediately behind the infantry to which they were Polybius being our most copious and pure source
attached, sometimes rode on the flanks of the of information, before passing on to the fourth
beasts of burden, at once protecting them and pre- period, it may be fitting to enter more fully upon
venting them from straggling. If there was any certain topics which he has either touched very
apprehension of an attack from behind, the only lightly or passed over in silence. We shall, therechange in the above order consisted in making the fore, make a few remarks:- 1. On the levying
Extraordinarii bring up the rear instead of leading of soldiers. 2. On the division of the legion as a
the van. As far as the position of the two legions body into cohorts, maniples, and centuries, of
with regard to each other, and also of the two which the cohort and the century are not named
wings of the allies, was concerned, it was under- by Polybius in the above description. 3. On the
stood that the legion and the wing which took the distribution of the soldiers into Triarii, Principes,