Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

EXERCITUS. EXERCITUS. 487
300, and soon after, 600 (Andoc. de Pace, p. 92; stringent among them than among the Spartans
Schol. Aristoph. Equit. 577, 624); at the begin- (XaNearal yap jat ]u&erepaLt pvaels ipeat, Thuc.
ning of the Peloponnesian war, 1200, of whom vii. 14), and after defeat especially it was often
200 seem to have been hired Scythian bowmen found extremely difficult to maintain it. The
(Thuc. ii. 13, v. 84, vi. 94). Besides the light- generals had some power of punishing military
armed soldiers drawn from the ranks of the offences on the spot, but for the greater number of
poorer citizens, there was at Athens a regiment such offences a species of court-martial was held,
of Thracian slaves, armed with bows. The consisting of persons who had served in the ainly
number or these increased from 300, who were to which the offender belonged, and presided over
purchased after the battle of Salamis, to 1000 or by the strategi (Lysias, Adv. Alc. ~ 5, 6; Plato,
1200 (Aeschin. de fils. Leg. p. 335, 336; Bickh, Leg. xii. 2. p. 943; K. F. Hermalln,. c. ~ 146,
Public Econ. of'At/h. book ii. c. 11). These, how- 153; Meier and Schbmann. der Attische Process,
ever, were generally employed as a sort of police pp. 133, 363-366). Various rewards also were
or city guard. Besides these, however, the Athe- held out for those who especially distinguished
nians had a troop of bowmen of their own citizens, themselves for their courage or conduct, ill the
amounting, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian shape of chaplets, statues, &c. In connection with
war, to 1600 (Thuc. ii. 13; Bdckh, I. c. ii. c. 21). these the Xdyos eir(TdcPIo, spoken over those who
For the command of the army, there were had fallen in war, must not be omitted. Respectchosen every year ten generals [STRATEGI], and ing the provision made for those who were disten taxiarchs [TAXIARCHI], and for the cavalry, abled in war, see the article ADTJNATI.
two hipparchs (i'rrapXoi) and ten phylarchs (0q)- The Peltastae (7refhAao-rai), so called from the
XapXom). Respecting the military functions of the kind of shield which they wore [PELTA], were a
bpXwv 7ro0XlAapXos, see the article ARCHON. The kind of troops of which we hear very little before
number of strategi sent with an army was not the end of the Peloponnesian war. The first time
uniform. Three was a common number. Some- we have any mention of them is in Thuc. iv. 111,
times one was invested with the supreme com- where they are spoken of as being in the army of
mnand; at other times, they either took the com- Brasidas. With the more frequent employment
mand in turn (as at Marathon), or conducted of mercenary troops a greater degree of attention
their operations by common consent (as in the was bestowed upon the peltastae; and the AtheSicilian expedition). (Xen. Hip)parch. i. ~ 8; nian general Iphicrates introduced some important
Demosth. Phil. i. ~ 26; Pollux, viii. ~ 87; Schi- improvements in the mode of arming them, commann, de Com. Atth. pp. 313-315.) bining as far as possible the peculiar advantages of
The practice of paying the troops when upon heavy (6mrAXiam) and light armed (tAXoi) troops.
service was first introduced by Pericles (Ulpian. He substituted a linen corslet for the coat of mail
ad Demnosth. repl Urvdrt. p. 50, a). The pay con- worn by the hoplites, and lessened the shield, while
sisted partly of wages (,rlo6ds), partly of provi- he doubled the length of the spear and sword. He
sions, or, more commonly, provision-money (cTq7l- even took the pains to introduce for them an impErLov). The ordinary juLrOds of a hoplite was proved sort of shoe, called after him'IcPKpaviaes
two obols a day. The otrpieov amounted to (Pollux, vii. 89). This equipment was very comtwo obols more. Hence, the life of a soldier was monly adopted by mercenary troops, and proved
called, proverbially, evTP~d3Xov f3fos (Eustath. ad very effective. The almost total destruction of a
Od. p. 1405, ad II. p. 951). Higher pay, how- mora of Lacedaemonian heavy-armed troops by a
ever, was sometimes given, as at the siege of Poti- body of peltastae under the command of Iphicrates
daea the soldiers received two drachmae apiece, was an exploit that became very famous. (Xen.
one for themselves, the other for their attendants. Hellen. iv. 5. ~ 11.) The peltast style of arming
This, doubtless, included the provision-money was general among the Achaeans until Philo(Thuc. iii. 17). Officers received twice as much; poemen again introduced heavy armour. (Plut.
horsemen, three times; generals, foair times as Philop. 9; Liv. xlii. 55.)
much (comp. Xen. A nab. vii. 6. ~ 1, 3. ~ 9). The When the use of mercenary troops became
horsemen received pay even in time of peace, that general, Athenian citizens seldom served except as
they might always be in readiness, and also a sum volunteers, and then in but small numlbers. Thus
of money for their outfit (tca'ao'aTaos, Xen. Hip- we find i 0,000 mercenaries sent to Olynthus with
parch. i. ~ 19; K. F. Hermann, ~ 1.52, note 19). only 400 Athenians (Demnosth. de.ftls. Leg.
They were reviewed from time to time by the p. 425). W;gith 15,000 mere nnries sent against
senate (Xen. Hippasch. iii. ~9, Oecon. ix. 15). Philip to Chaeroneia, there were 2000 citizens (,DeBefore entering the service, both men and horses mosth. de Cor. p. 306). It became not uncommon
had to undergo an examination before the hip- also for those bound to serve in the cavalry to
parchs, who also had to drill and train them in commute their services for those of horsemen hired
tine of peace. The horses of the heavy-armed in their stead, and the duties of the i7r0roTpoptfa
cavalry were protected by defensive armour. were ill executed. The employment of merAs regards the military strength of the Athe- cenaries also led in other respects to considerable
nians, we find 10,000 heavy-armed soldiers at alterations in the mnilitary system of Greece. War
Marathon, 8,000 heavy armed, and as many light came to be studied as an art, and Greek generals,
armed at Plataeae; and at the beginning of the rising above thie old simple rules of warfare, bePeloponnesian war there were 13,000 heavy armed came tacticians. The old method of arranging
re4dy for foreign service, and 16,000 consisting of the troops, a method still retained by Agesilaus
those beyond the limits of the ordinary military at the battle of Coronea, was to draw up the
age and of the metoeci, for garrison service. opposing armies in two parallel lines of greater
It was the natural result of the national charac- or less depth, according to the strength of the
ter of the Athenians and their democratical con- forces, the engagement commencing usually very
stitution, that military discipline was much less nearly at the same moment in all parts of the line.
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