Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

4 86 EXERCITUS. EXERCITUS.
Only the heavy-armed were stationed within it,?ypayEaecoYv, and received a shield and spear in a
the cavalry being placed to look out, and the helots public assembly of the people, binding themselves
being kept as much as possible outside. As by oath to perform rightly the duties of a citizen
another precaution against the latter, every soldier and a soldier (Aristot. ap. Harpocr. p. 241; Herwas obliged always to carry his spear about with mann, I. c. ~ 123). During the first two years,
him. (Xen. Rep. Lac. xii.) Though strict disci- they were only liable to service in Attica itself,
pline was, of course, kept up in the camp, it was chiefly as garrison soldiers in the different fortresses
less rigorous than in the city itself (Plut. Lyc. 22, in the country. During this period, they were
comp. Herod. vii. 208). Preparatory to a battle called 7repi7roAoL. (Harpocr. s. v. 7rEpilroos;
the Spartan soldier dressed his hair and crowned Pollux, viii. 105; Lycurg. Leocr. ~ 76.) Accordhimself as others would do for a feast. The signal ing to some authorities, this service was also called
for attack in ancient times was given by priests of -rTpaTeiea e'v To7s AEePeeL (Wachsmuth, 1. c. vol. i.
Ares (7rvppdpoe), who threw lighted torches into ~ 56, note 45). The levies were made under the
the interval between the two armies (Schol. ad direction of the generals [STRATEGI]. The
Eurip. Phoen. 1186). Afterwards it was given soldiers were selected either according to age, as
not by the trumpet, but by the music of flutes, among the Spartans (Aristot. ap. Harpocr. s. v.
and sometimes also of the lyre and cithara, to 0'rpaaeTr a and Phot. s. v. a~-paTae: i-Tav WiKLaV
which the men sang the battle song (7ra,&> ECfGa- c7rE'l7rooa, 7rpor7ypdoZ0vLt &erb'riPvos pXo,'ros?plos). (Paus. iii. 17. ~ 5; Plut. 1. c.) The object d7rowvv/,ov v.EXPL rvos rer & Tpa'edeVEaL; the
of the music was not so much to inspirit the men, archons being, of course, those in whose year of
as simply to regulate the march of the phalanx office they had entered the military service), when
(Thuc. v. 70). This rhythmical regularity of the expeditions were called eosoLo E' TroLs Er'osu'movement was a point to which the Spartans at- /iois, or else according to a certain rotation (Aesch.
tached -great importance. A sacrifice was offered F. L. p. 330, THs - K casaoxsaX 4d4ovs). The serto the Muses before a battle, as also to Eros (Plut. vices of those below or above the ordinary military
Aristid. 17). To prevent the ranks being broken age, were only called for on emergencies, or for
the soldiers were forbidden to stop in order to guarding the walls. (Comp. Thuc. i. 105, ii. 13.)
strip a slain enemy while the fight lasted, or to Members of the senate during the period of their
pursue a routed enemy. The younger hoplites or office, farmers of the revenue, choreutae at the
the cavalry or light-armed troops were despatched Dionysia during the festival; in later times, traders
for this purpose (Xen. Hellen. iv. 4. ~ 16, v. 14. by sea also, were exempted from military service.
~ 16). All the booty collected had to be handed (Lycurg. Leocr. ~ 164; Demosth. Neaer. p. 1353,
over to the laphyropolae and ephors, by whom it Meid. p. 516; Aristoph. Eecles. 1019, with the
was sold. Schol.) Any one bound to serve who attempted
The rigid inflexibility of the Spartan tactics to avoid doing so, was liable to a sentence of
rendered them indisposed to the attack of fortified &Tiruia. The resident aliens commonly served as
places. At the battle of Plataeae, they even as- heavy-armed soldiers, especially for the purpose of
signed to the Athenians the task of storming the garrisoning the city. They were prohibited from
palisade formed by the y/E'a of the Persians. serving as cavalry (Thuc. ii. 13, 31, iv. 90; Xen.
In Athens, the military system was in its lead- de Vect. ii. ~ 5, Hipparch. ix. ~ 6). Slaves were
ing principles the same as among the Spartans, only employed as soldiers in cases of great necesthough differing in detail, and carried out with less, sity, as at Marathon (according to Paus. i. 32.
exactness; inasmuch as when Athens became ~ 33), and Arginusae (Xen. Hellen. i. 6. ~ 17).
powerful, greater attention was paid to the navy. Of the details of the Athenian military organiOf the times before Solon, we have but little in- sation, we have no distinct accounts as we have
formation. XWe learn that there were twelve of those of Sparta. The heavy-armed troops, as
phratriae, and in each of these four naucrariae, was the universal practice in Greece, fought in
each of whicl was bound to furnish two horsemen phalanx order. They were arranged in bodies in
and one ship. Of the four classes into which the a manner dependent on the political divisions of
citizens were arranged by the constitution of Solon, the citizens. The soldiers of each tribe formed a
the citizens of the first and second served as ca- separate body in the army, also called a tribe, and
valry, or as commanders of the infantry (still it these bodies stood in some preconcerted order
need not be assumed that the hrreirs never served (Herod. vi. 111; Plut. Arist. 5; Thuc. vi. 98
as heavy-armed infantry), those of the third class Xen. Hellen. iv. 2, ~ 19, with Schneider's notes).
(ev-yieal) formed the heavy-armed infantry. The It seems that the name of one division was'dtsr,
Thetes served either as light-armed troops on land, and of another NXXoe, but in what relations these
or on board the ships. The same general principles stood to the vspux, and to each other, we do not
remained when the constitution was remodelled learn, unless Xenophon's expressions (Cyrop. ii. 1.
by Cleisthenes. The cavalry service continued to ~ 4) may be looked upon as indicating that the
be compulsory on the wealthier class (Xen. Oecon.'dris contained four lochi, and consisted of one
ii. 6; Lycurg.Leocr. ~ 139). All citizens quali- hundred men. (Comp. Xen. Mem. iii. 4. ~ 1;
fied to serve either as horsemen, or in the ranks of Pollux, viii. ~ 114; Lysias pro Mantitheo, ~ 15,
the heavy-armed infantry, were enrolled in a list &c.) Every hoplite was accompanied by an at[CATALOGUS]. The case of Thetes serving as tendant (ur7pmE`r7s, Thuc. iii. 17), to take charge of
heavy-armed soldiers is spoken of as an exception his baggage, and carry his shield on a march.
to the general rule; and even when it was the Each horseman also had a servant, called ururocase, they were not enrolled in the catalogus. Kdluos, to attend to his horse (Thuc. vii. 75, 78;
(Thucyd. vi. 43.) Every citizen was liable to Xen. Hellen. ii. 4).
service from his eighteenth to his sixtieth year. It would appear, that before the time of Solon
On'reaching their eighteenth year, the young citi-:the cavalry which the Athenians could muster
zens were formally enrolled ers' h A 7itapyuKbY' was under 100. In the time of Cimon it was