Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

484 EXERCITUS. EXERCITUS.
which -lcrodotius (ix. 53) speaks of, and of which first enomotia, which now, with the commander.
Thucydides (i. 20), though doubtless erroneously, in-chief at its head, occupied the extremity of the
denies -the existence. Thirlwall suggests that as right wing. This evolution was called irapayroyf
each mora consisted of four lochi, the four lochi of (Xen. Rep. Lac. xi. ~ 6), a name also given to the
the mora belonging to the district of Sparta may reverse movement, when a phalanx had to fall into
have been distributed on the same principle among marching order, and to subordinate movements of
the four Kc&uat, Limnae, Cynosulra, Mesoa, and the same kind for changing the depth of the
Pitana, of which Sparta was composed.* phalanx. In the latter the evolutions were conA Spartan army, divided as above described, ducted on much the same principle. Thus, if the
was drawn up in the dense array of the phalanx, depth of the phalanx was to be diminished by half,
the depth of which depended upon circumstances. the hinder portion of each enomoty marched forAn fELzAOTI'a sometimes made but a single file, wards and placed itself on the left of the half in
sometimes was drawn up in three or six files (0i5ya, front of it. Similarly, if the depth had to be inXen. Rep. Lac. xi. ~ 4; Miiller, iii. 12. ~. 3, note a). creased, the left-hand portion of each enomotia
At.the battle of Mantineia the phalanx was eight faced about towards the right, took up its station in
deep, so that each enomotia made four files. (Thuc. the rear, and then, facing to the left again, asv. 68; comp. Xen. Ilellen. iii. 2. ~ 16, vi. 2. ~ 21.) suimed their proper position. (Xen. Rep. Lac. xi.
At the battle of Leuctra it was twelve deep. ~ 8.) The facing to the right was always the
(Xen. H1elten. vi. 4. ~ 12.) The enomotarch stood usage, because if the evolution were performed in
at the head of his file (7rpCW'07erdrTs), or at the the face of an enemy, the shielded side could be
head of the right-hand file, if the enomotia was presented towards him. Modifications of this
broken up into more than one. The last man was evolution, conducted on the same principle, were
called obpaydr. It was a matter of great import- employed if the depth had to be increased or
ance that he, like the enomotarch, should be a man diminished in any other proportion (comp. Xen.
of strength and skill, as in certain evolutions he Anab. iv. 3. ~ 26, iv. 6. ~ 6, Cyrop. ii. 3. ~ 21).
would have to lead the movements. (Xen. Cyrop. It is very likely that at those points of the files
iii. 3. ~ 41, &.c.) The commander-in-chlief, who where in such evolutions they would have to
was usually the king (after the affair of Demaratus separate, there were placed men suitable for taking
and Cleomenes it was the practice not to send out their station in the front rank, where it was alboth kings together, Herod. v. 75; but comp. ways an object to get the best men. These would
vi. 73), had his station sometimes in the centre (as answer to the cBEKdaapXoe and 7res7rdaapXot of
at Mlantineia, Thuc. v. 72), more commonly (as-at Xenophon. (Cyrop. ii. 1; comp. Ilipparch. ii. ~ 6,
Leuctra) on the right wing. The deployments by iv. ~ 9.) If an enemy appeared in the rear, it was
which the arrangements of the phalanx were altered not enough that the soldiers should face about totook place under the direction of the enomotarch. wards the enemy. The Spartan tactics required
aVhen the troops were drawn up in a line in the that the stoutest soldier should be opposed to the
ordinary battle array, they were said to be 4srl enemy. This was accomplished by the mancoeuvre
(pdAayyos. Supposing an enomotia to consist of termed teAyuydr. Of this there were three vatwenty-five men, including its leader, and to be rieties: 1. Thle lMacedonian. In this the leader of
drawn up eight deep, the front line of the army each file kept his place, only turning towards the
would consist of 288. In an ordinary march the enemy. The man behind him (&ErraiTd7i's) rearmy advanced errl IcEpws (or caTh cc' pas, Xen. treating and again taking up his station behind
Iellen. vii. 4. ~ 23), the first enomotia of the him, and so on. In this way the army retreated
right wing filing off, and the rest in succession from the enemy. by a distance equal to its depth.
following it; so that if the enomotia was drawn 2. The Laconian (the one usually adopted by the
up in three or two files, the whole army would Macedonian phalanx of Philip and Alexander).
march in three or two files. The most usual ar- This was the reverse of the preceding, the rear
rangement was in two files. (Xen. Hellen. vii. 4. man remaining stationary and the others advancing
~ 22, iii. 1. ~ 22, Polyaeen. ii. 1. ~ 10.) If an successively one before the other. In this way of
army in marching order had to form in phalanx, course the army advanced against the enemy by a
the movement began with the hindmost enomotia of distance equal to its depth. 3. Thie Cretan. In
the column, which placed itself on the left of (rap' this the leader and rearman, the second and last
&o'ridas) and on a line with (iS trTcrrovs) the but two, and so on, changed places, so that the
enomotia before it. These two then performed whole army remained at the same distance from
the same evolution with respect to the last but the enemy. This species was also called Xope7os
two, and so on, till all were in a line with the (Haase ad Xen. Rep. Lca. xi. ~ 9.; MUller, iii. 12.
~ 8; Aelianus, Tact. 26, 27, 33.) These evolu-': MUller (Dorians, book iii. c. 3. ~ 7) talks of tions would of course leave the general on the left
a rdAis distinct from these KctraL. But the latter wing. If it was deemed expedient that he should
were certainly not mere suburbs, but component be upon the right, it was not enough that-he should
parts of Sparta itself (comp. Paus. iii. 16. ~ 9). simply remove from the left to the right, the whole
ILase (1. c.) speaks of five divisions of the city be- army had to reverse its position, so that what was
sides Pitana, so that the six morae or lochi in the the left wing should become the right. This was
sense of Thucydides corresponded to these six effected by an exeligmus, termed (at least by the
divisions. For this arrangement, there seems no later tacticians), E'eMsXybs ica'r& (vy&, as conauthority, except the statement of the scholiast on trasted with the EtEATyu,1)s KTar' aC'iXovs. If the
Aristoph. (Lys. 453), that there were six lochi at army changed its front by wheeling round through
Sparta, five of which he names, one of the names a half circle, round one corner as a pivot, the
being corrected conjecturally by AIiller to rsoEo- movement seems to have been expressed by
dr-ys. But there seems here little more than a con- 7reptnr-'mrooeEv or &,arirTrieeaE. One more evolufused version of the division into six morae. tion remains to be noticed. Suppose an enemy