Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

EPI-IETAE. EPH1E'rAE. 463
in the theatre. (Aeschin. c. Ciesipt. p. 75, ed. Steph.; tribunal of great antiquity, so much so, indeed,
Plato, Mlfenex. p.' 249, with Stallbaum's note.) It that, Pollux (viii. 125), ascribed their institution to
seems to have been on this occasion that the Draco; moreover, if we can depend upon the anu
&pVqoL took an oath in the temple of Artemis thority of Plutarch (Solon, c. 19), one of Solon's
Aglauros (Demosth. De Fals. Leg. p. 438; Pollux, laws (6tloYes) speaks of the courts of the Eplsetne
viii. 106), by which they pledged themselves never and Areiopagus as co-existent before the time of
to disgrace their arms or to desert their comrades; that legislator. Again, we are told by Pollux
to fight to the last in the defence of their country, (I. c.), the Ephetae formerly sat in one or other of
its altars and hearths; to leave their country notin the five courts, according to the nature of the
a worse but in a better state than they found it; causes they had to try. In historical times, howto obey the magistrates and the laws; to resist all ever, they sat infosur only, called respectively the
attempts to subvert the institutions of Attica, and court by the Palladium (r-b erl InahXXasaT), by the
finally to respect the religion of their forefathers. Delphinium (Tb (rT Ae&ptYiTL), by the Prytaneium
This solemnity took place towards the close of the (Trb eir IlpvaveIsl), and the court at Phreatto or
year (ev apXalpEe-ia:es), and the festive season bore Zea (ob v 1 peaer'ro?). At the first of these courts
th e name of E&ig1La. (Isaeus, De Apollod. c. 28; they tried cases of unintentional, at the second, of
Demosth. c. Leochar. p. 10]2.) The external dis- intentional but justifiable homicide, such as slaytinction of the E'q779o consisted in the XXafuis and ing another in self-defence, taking the life of an
the rE'a-roos. (Hemsterhuis, ad Polluc. x. 164.) adulterer, killing a tyrant or a nightly robber.
During the two years of the E'07CeLa, which may (Plat. Leg. ix. p. 874.) At the Prytaneium, by a
be considered as a kind of apprenticeship in arms, strange custom, somewhat analogous to the imposiand in which the young men prepared themselves for tion of a deodand, they passed sentence upon the
the higher duties of full citizens, they were gene- instrument of murder when the perpetrator of the
rally sent into the country, under the name of act was not known. In the court at Phreatto, on
wrEpibroAor, to keep watch in the towns and for- the sea-shore at the Peiraeeus, they tried such pertresses, on the coast and frontier, and to perform sons as were charged with wilful murder during
other duties which might be necessary for the pro- a temporary exile for unintentional homicide. In.
tection of Attica. (Pollux, viii. 106; Photius, s. v. cases of this sort, a defendant pleaded his cause on
iepi'sroXos: Plato, De Leg. vi. p. 760, c.) [L. S.] board ship (rS -7YS ~ aj 7rirT'dleos), the judges
EP-IEGE'SIS (EiTSi77es). [ENDEIXIS.] sitting close by him on shore. (Dem. c. Aristocr.
EPHE'SIA (id4oma), a great panegyris of the p. 644.) Now we know that the jurisdiction in
Ionians at Ephesus, the ancient capital of the cases of wilful murder was by Solon's laws entrusted
Ionians in Asia. It was held every year, and had, to the court of the Areiopagus, which is mentioned
like all panegyreis, a twofold character, that of a by Demosthenes (I. c.) in connection with the four
bond of political union among the Greeks of the courts in which the Ephetae sat, Moreover, Draco,
Ionian race, and that of a common worship of the in his T/lesnmi, spoke of the Epoletae only, though
Ephesian Artemis. (Dionys. Hal. Antiq. Rom. iv. the jurisdiction of the Areiopagus in cases of
p. 229, ed. Sylburg; Strabo, xiv. p. 639.) The murder is admitted to have been of great antiquity.
Ephesia continued to be held in the time of Thu- Hence Miiller (Eumnenid. ~ 65) conjectures that
cydides and Strabo, and the former compares it the court of the Areiopagus was anciently included
(iii. 104) to the ancient panegyris of Delos in the five courts of the Ephetae, and infers, more[DELA], where a great number of the Ionians over, the early existence of a senate at Athens,
assembled with their wives and children. Re- resembling the Gerousia at Sparta, and invested
specting the particulars of its celebration, we only with the jurisdiction in cases of homicide. (Thirlknow that it was accompanied with much mirth wall, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 41.).The name of
and feasting, and that mystical sacrifices were of- Ephet ae given to the members of this council was,
fered to the Ephesian goddess. (Strabo, 1. c.) That as he conceives, rather derived from their granting
games and contests formed likewise a chief part of ia license to aveIlge blood (o[l i"Qssa d r.i a&'po0sd4
the solemnities is clear from Hesychius (s. v.), who Rvh avJ3pro7Carrv) than their being appealed to, or
calls the Ephesia an yB oriqMpavs. (Compare from the transfer to them of a jurisdiction which
Panus. vii. 2. ~ 4; Miller, Dow. ii. 9. ~ 8; Bockh, before the time of Draco had belonged to the
Cghp. Inscrilot. ii. n. 2909.) kings. (Pollux, 1. c.) If this hypothesis be true,
From the manner in which Thucydides and it becomes.a question, why and when was this
Strabo speak of the Ephesia, it seems that it was separation of the courts made? On this subject
only a panegyris of some Ionians, perhaps of those Muiiller adds, that when an act of homicide was
who lived in Ephesus itself and its vicinity. not punished by death or perpetual banishment,
Thucydides seems to indicate this by comparing it the perpetrator had to receive expiation. [Exslwith the Delian panegyris, which likewise con- Lsum.] Now the atonement for blood and the
sisted only of the Ionians of the islands near purification of a shedder of blood.came under the
Delos; and Strabo, who calls the great national sacred law of Athens, the knowledge of which was
panegyris of all the Ionians in. the Panionium the confined to the old nobility, even after they had
rotsvs 7srar,-yvpis'rSv'ImCieo, applies to the Ephesia lost their political power. [EXEGETAE.] COI1nsimply the name 7rav'ryvpis. It may, however, sequently the administration of the rights of exhave existed ever since the time when. Ephesus was piation could not be taken away from them, and
the head of the Ionian colonies in Asia. [L. S.] none but an aristocratical court like that of the
E'PHESIS (fsol's). [APPELLATIO.] Ephetae would be competent to grant permission
EPHESTRIS (ipe(Trpls). [AMIcTUS.] of expiation for homicide, and to preside over the
E'PHETAE (iPETaL), the name of certain ceremonies connected with it. Accordingly, that
judges at Athens. They were fifty-one in number, court retained the right of decision in actions for
selected from noble families (aplisvis'rinv alipeOi'Ves), manslaughter, in which a temporary flight was
and more than fifty years of age. They formed a followed by expiation, and also in cases of justifi