Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

432;- DOMIUS. DONARIA.
(3.) The ceilings seem origisnally to have been laniiie, but no pieces had been discovered, says
left uncovered, the beams which supported the Pliny, above five feet long. (Plin. I-. N. xxxvi.
roof or the upper story being visible. Afterwards 45.) Windows made of this stone were called
planks were placed across these beams at certain specusalia. (Sen. Ep. 90; Plin. Ep. ii. 17
intervals, leaving hollow spaces, called lacunaria Mart. viii. 14.) Windows made of glass (vitrum)
or laquearia, which were frequently covered with are first mentioned by Lactantitts (De Opif. Dei, 8),
gold, and ivory, and sometimes with paintings. but the discoveries at Pompeii prove that glass
(Hor. Carmz. ii. 18; Plin. H. N; xxxiii. 18; Sen. was used for windows under the early emperors, as
L.~p. 90; Suet. Net. 31.) There was an arched frames of glass and glass windows have been found
ceiling il common use, called CAMARA, which is in several of the houses.
described in a separate article. (5.) The rooms were heated in winter in dif(4.) The Roman houses had few windows ferent ways; but the Romans had no stoves like
(fenestrae). The principal apartments, the atrium, ours. The cubicula, triclinia, and other rooms,
peristyle, &c., were lighted, as we have seen, which were intended for winter use, were built in
from above, and the cubicula and other small that part of the house upon which the sun shone
rooms generally derived their light from them, and most; and in the mild climate of Italy this fienot from windows looking into the street. The qnently enabled them to dispense with any artirooms only on the upper story seem, to have been ficial mode of warming the rooms. Rooms exposed
usually lighted by windows. (Juv. iii. 270.) to the sun in this way were sometimes called helioVery few houses in Pompeii have windows on the camini. (Plin. Ep. ii. 17; Dig. 8. tit. 2. s. 17.)
ground-floor opening into the street, though there The rooms were sometimes heated by hot air, which
is an exception to this in the house of the tragic was introduced by means of pipes from a furnace
poet, which has six windows on the ground-floor. below (Plin. Ep. ii. 17; Sen. Ep. 90), but more
Even in this case, however, the windows are not frequently by portable furnaces or braziers (focuti),
near the ground as in a modern house, but are six- in which coal or charcoal was burnt. (See'woodfeet six inches above the foot-pavement, which is cut, p. 190.) The canzinus was also a kind of
raised one foot seven inches above the centre of the stove, in which wood appears to have been usually
street. The windows are smnall, being hardly three burnt, and probably only differed from thefoczlus
feet by two; and at the side there is a wooden in being larger and fixed to one place. (Suet.
frame, in which the wildow or shutter might be Vitell. 8; Hor. Sat. i. 5. 81.) It has been a submoved backwards or forwards. The lowerpart of ject of much dispute among modern writers,
the wall is occupied by a row of red panels four whether the Romans had chimneys for carrying
feet and a half high. The following woodcut re- off the smoke. From many passages in ancient.
presents part of the wall, with apertures for win- writers, it certainly appears that rooms usually had'.
dows above it, as it appears from the street. The no chimneys, but that the smoke escaped through
tiling upon the wall is modern, and is only. placed the windows, doors, and openings in the roof
there to preserve it from the weather. (Vitruv. vii. 3; Hor. 1. c.; Voss, ad Vi7g. Georg.
ii. 242); but chimneys do not appear to have been..- r a -?entirely unknown to the ancients, as some are said
to have been found in the ruins of ancient build.
_____ f2 ~ ings. (Becker, Galls, vol. i. p. 102.)
q nInoi T]-lLql'll'tt'""""~qcq!a' ff-q~~~;~ (Winkelmann, Sctritjten iiber die Ilerlkulan7iscles;ol[3i Lel _ - T Entdleckuegene; Hirt, Geschichte der Baukznst;
__L'I Mazois, Les Ruines de Pomnpei, part ii., Le Palais
-,r mri r-if I:rl ti e Scauris s; Gell, Pomlpeianae; Pomlpeii, Loud.
12mo. 1832; Becker, CGallus; Schneider, ad
II L lDONAlYRIA (&vaOsanTra or avamcemnlsEua), are
mi names by which the ancients designated presents
-L X' sue, — made to the gods, either by individuals or communities. Sometimes they are also called dona or
The windows appear originally to have been iUoa. The belief that the gods were pleased with
merely openings in the wall, closed by means of costly presents was as natural to the ancients as
shutters, which frequently had two leaves (bifores the belief that they could be influenced in their
fenestrae, Ovid, 1Lont. iii. 3. 5), whence Ovid conduct towards men by the offering of sacrifices;
(Anor. i. 5. 3) says, and, indeed, both sprang from the same feeling.
" Pars adaperta fait, pars alters clausa fenestrae." Presents were mostly given as tokens of gratitude
for some favour which a god had bestowed on
They are for this reason said to be joined, when man; but in many cases they were intended to
they are shut. (Hor. Carme. ii. 25.) Windows induce the deity to grant some special favour.
were also sometimes covered by a kind of lattice At Athens, every one of the six thesmothetae, or,
or trellis work (clatlhri), and sometimes.by net- according to Plato (Phaedr. p. 235, d), all the nine
work, to prevent serpents and other noxious rep- archons, on entering upon their office, had to take
tiles from getting in. (Planut. ill. ii. 4. 25; an oath, that if they violated any of the laws, they
Varro, Re Rust. iii. 7.) would dedicate in the temple of Delphi a gilt
Afterwards, however, windows were made of a statue of the size of the man who dedicated it
transparent stone, called lapis specularis (nmica), (a'vptdvTa Xpvuo0v os' ox-rplrJov, see Plut. Sol.
which was first found in. Hispania Citerior, and 25; Pollux viii. 85; Suidas, s. v. Xpvuo Eicc&Sv;
afterwards in Cyprus, Cappadocia, Sicily, and Heraclid. Pont. c. 1.) In this last case the anaAfrica; but the best came from Spain and Cap- thema was a kind of punishment, in which. the
padocia. It was easily split into'the thinnest- statue was regarded as a substitute for the percssi