Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

DEMOCRATIA. DEMUS. 391
the wealthy and noble still remained citizens of 563, Leg. iii. p. 690. c. vi. p. 757, e.) Aristotle
the commonwealth, the supreme power was to all (Pol. iv. 3, 4, 5, vi. 1, 2) describes the various
intents and purposes in the hands of the class for- modifications which a democracy may assume. It
merly constituting the demus, by virtue of their is somewhat curious that neither in practice nor in
being the more numerous. (Aristot. Pol. iv. 4, theory did the representative system attract any
p. 122, ed. Gittling.) When the two classes attention among the Greeks.
were thus equalised, the termn demus itself was That diseased form of a democracy, in which
frequently used to denote the entire body of free from the practice of giving pay to the poorer citicitizens -" the many," in contrast with " the zens for their attendance in the public assembly,
few." and from other causes, the predominant party in
It is obvious that, consistently with the main- the state came to be in fact the lowest class of the
tenance of the fundamental principle of the suprenle citizens (a state of things in which the democracy
power being in the hands of the demus, various in many respects resembled a tyranny: see Arist.
modifications of the constitution in detail might Pol. iv. 4) was by later writers (Polyb. vi. 4, 57;
exist, and different views might be held as to wh at Plut. de Monarch. c. 3) termed an Ochlocracy
was the perfect type of a democracy, and what was (odXXopaz'ra - the dominion of the mob); but the
an imperfect, or a diseased form of it. Aristotle term is not found in Aristotle. (Wachsmuth,
(P1ol. iv. 3) points out that a democracy cannot be Ioelleniscihe Altfeortumsk. c. 7, 8; K. F. Herdefined by the mere consideration of numbers. inaln, Lehrbuch der GCriech7. Staatsalterthiinelr,
For if the wealthy were the more numerous and ~~ 52, 66-72; Thirlwall, History of Greece, vol. i.
possessed the supreme power, this would not be a c. 10.) [C. P. ]M~.]
democracy. A democracy is rather, when every DEMONSTRA'TIO. [AcTIO.]
free citizen is a member of the sovereign body DEMOPOIE'TOS (3rVeo7rrobirros), the name
(8ij~pO s t', eert, 5'ravY of keV0OepoL IcVptot domv). given to a foreigner who was admitted to the rights
This definition he expresses in a more accurate of citizenship at Athens by a decree of the people,
form thus: BEgrTL aLuoiparina tAEy r'ay ol EXEViOepom on account of services rendered to the state. Such
tca; &eropotl 7rAXOVS OvrTEs KpoptOL r'S a&pXs oes'iv. citizens were, however, excluded from the phraIt would still be a democracy if a certain amount triae, and could not hold the offices of either archon
of property were requisite for filling the public or priest (Dem. c. Neaer. p. 1376), but were reoffices, provided the amount were not large. gistered in a phyle anmd deme. [CIVITAS, GREEIK,(Pol. iv. 4. p. 122, ed. Gbttl.) A Politeia itself p. 288, b.]
is one species of democracy (Pol. iv. 3. p. 117), DEMO'SII (8ruio'etot), public slaves at Athens,
democracy, in the full sense of the word, being a who.were purchased by the state. Some of them
sort of 7raperCaoLs of it. But for a perfect and filled subordinate places in the assembly and courts
pure democracy it was necessary that no iree of justice, and were also employed as heralds,
citizen should be debarred on account of his in- checking clerks, &c. They were usually called
feriority in rank or wealth from aspiring to any 8mOOda'Lom olicmat, and, as we learn from Ulpian
office, or exercising any political function, and that (ad Deum. Olyntlh. ii. p. 15), were taught at the
eacli citizen should be allowed to follow that mode expense of the state to qualify them for the disof life which he chose. (Arist. Pol. iv. 4, vi. 1.) charge of such deuties as have been mentioned.
In a passage of Herodotus (iii. 80), where we pro- (HIemnsterh. ad Polluc. ix. 10; Maussac. ad Harbably have the ideas of the writer himself, the pocrct. s. v. &%tomteros; Petitus, Leg. Att. p. 342.)
characteristics of a democracy are specified to be- As these public slaves did not belong to any one
1. equality of legal rights (ic-Yoyoi); 2. the ap- individual, they appear to have possessed certain
pointment of magistrates by lot; 3. the account- legal rights which private slaves had not. (Meier,
abilityof all magistrates and officers; 4. the refer- Att. Process, pp. 401, 560; Aeschin. c. Timnarcl.
ence of all public matters to the decision of the pp. 79, 85.)
community at large. Aristotle also (Rflet. i. 8. Another class of public slaves formed the city
~ 4) says: -e'OrT i ae Cotcpa-r'a Ev' 7roXtreia eis 7 guard; it was their duty to preserve order in the
tcAx p PT av'tLovrat'rS /ipXgs, /AsXyapxla B ev i j public assembly, and to remove any person whom
oh i'rb'rl/um1uua-cv. In another passage (Pol. vi. 1), the Prytaneis might order. (Schneider, Ad Xen.
after mentioning the essential principles on which MeRn. iii. 6. ~ 1; Plato, Protag. p. 319, and Heina democracy is based, he goes on to say: " The dorf's note; Aristoph. Ac/sarn. 54, with the comr
following points are characteristic of a democracy; mentators.) They are generally called bowmen
that all magistrates should be chosen out of the (Tood'Tam); or from the native country of the mawhole body of citizens; that all should rule each, jority, Scythians (.:cuKa: ); and also Speusinians,
and each in turn rule all; that either all magistra- from the name of the person who first established
cies, or those not requiring experience and profes- the force. (Pollux, viii. 131, 132; Photius, s.v.
sional knowledge, should be assigned by lot; that oodf'at.) There were also among them many
there should be no property qualification, or but a Thracians and other barbarians. They originally
very small one, for filling any magistracy; that the lived in tents in the market-place, and afterwards
same man should not fill the same office twice, or upon the Areiopagus. Their officers had the name
should fill offices but few times, and but few of- of toxarchs (rtdapXom). Their number was at first
fices, except in the case of military commands; that 300, purchased soon after the battle of Salamis,
all, or as many as possible of the magistracies, but was afterwards increased to 1200. (Aeschin.
should be of brief duration; that all citizens should nlep rflaparpeee. p. 335; Andoc. De Pac. p. 93;
be qualified to serve as dicasts; that the supreme Bbickh, Publt Econ. of' Atzens, pp. 207, 208, 2d.
power in everything should reside in the public edit.)
assembly, and that no magistrate should be en- DEMUS. The word 3aiuos originally indicated
trusted with irresponsible power except in very small a district or tract of land, and is by somn (derived
matters. (Comp. Plat. Resp. viii. pp. 558, 562, from Viw, as if it signified an ".enclosure marked
cc 4