Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

COTYTTIA. CRATER. 367
who spilled least of the wine gained the victory, mercial interest to maintain friendly relations with
and thereby knew that he was loved by his mis- Thrace. Among these Corinth is expressly mentress. (See Schol. ad Lucian. Lexiph. 3. vol. ii. tioned by Suidas, and Strabo (x. p. 471) seems
p. 325.) to suggest that the worship of Cotys was adopted
A fourth kind of cottabus, which was called by the Athenians, who, as he observes, were as
Kcr''aros KaSaKTs s (&nrb roV KaLa'er-YEw rby Kd- hospitable to foreign gods as they were to foreigners'arov), is described by Pollux (vi. 109), the in general. (Compare Juven. Sat. ii. 92.) The
Scholiast on Aristophanes (Pax, 1172), and Athe- priests of the goddess were formerly supposed to
naeus (xv. p. 667). The so-called ydv-rs was have borne the name of baptae; but Buttmann
placed upon a pillar similar to a candelabrum, and has shown that this opinion is utterly groundless.
the dish hanging over it must, by means of wine Her festivals were notorious among the ancients
projected from the goblet, be thrown upon it, and for the dissolute manner and the debaucheries with
thence fall into a basin filled with water, which which they were celebrated. (Suidas, s. v. Kds7rs;'
from this fall gave forth a sound; and he who pro- Horat. Epod. xvii. 56; Theocrit. vi. 40.) Another
duced the strongest was the victor, and received festival of the same name was celebrated in Sicily
prizes, consisting of eggs, cakes, and sweetmeats. (Plut. Proverb.), where boughs hung with cakes
This brief description of four various forms of and fruit were carried about, which any person
the cottabus may be sufficient to show the general had a right to pluck off if he chose; but we have
character of this game; and it is only necessary to no mention that this festival was polluted with any
add, that the chief object to be accomplished in of the licentious practices which disgraced those 6f
all the various modifications of the cottabus was to Thrace and Greece, unless we refer the allusion
throw the wine out of the goblet in such a manner made by Theocritus to the Cotyttia, to the Sicilianl
that it should remain together and nothing be festival. (Compare Buttmann's essay, Ueber die
spilled, and that it should produce the purest and IKotyttia und die Baptce, in his Mythologus, vol. ii.
strongest possible sound in the place where it was p. 159; Lobeck, Aglaopyh. pp. 627, 1007,
thrown. In Sicily, the popularity of this game &c.) [L. S.]
was so great, that houses were built for the especial COVINAIRIT. [CoviNuS.]
purpose of playing the cottabus in them. Those COVI'NUS (Celtic, kowain), a kind of car, the
readers who wish to become fully acquainted with spokes of which were armed with long sickles, and
all the various forms of this game, may consult which was used as a scythe-chariot chiefly by the
Athenaeus (xv. p. 666, &c.), the Greek Lexico- ancient Belgians and Britons. (Mela, iii. 6; Lucan,
graphers, and, above all, Groddeck (Ueber den i. 426; Silius, xvii. 422.) The Romans designated,
K~ottabos der Griechen, in his Antiquarsische Ver- by the name of covinus, a kind of travelling carsuche, i. Sammnlung, 1800, pp. 163-238), who has riage, which seems to have been covered on all
collected and described nine different forms in sides with the exception of the front. It had no
which it was played. Becker (C6harikles, i. p. 476, seat for a driver, but was conducted by the travel&c.) is of opinion that all of them were but modi- ler himself, who sat inside. (Mart. Epig. ii. 24.)
fications of two principal forms, (Compare also Fr. There must have been a great similarity between
Jacobs, Ueber den Kottabos in Wieland's Attisches the Belgian scythe-chariot and the Roman travelAlluseum, iii. 1. pp. 475-496.) [L. S.] ling carriage, as the name of the one was transferred
CO'TYLA (soIsriAM) was a measure of capacity to the other, and we may justly conclude that the
among the Romans and Greeks: by the former it Belgian car was likewise covered on all sides, exwas also called hemoina; by the latter, T'pvufov and cept the front, and that it was occupied by one
igzuva or 771Aluva. It was the half of the sextarius man, the covinarius only, who was, by the strucor e'o-rls, and contained 6 cyathi, or nearly half a ture of his car, sufficiently protected. The covipint English. narii (the word occurs only in Tacitus) seem to
This measure was used by physicians with a have constituted a regular and distinct part of a
graduated scale marked on it, like our own chemi- British army. (Tacit. Agr. 35 and 36, with M. J.
cal measures, for measuring out given weights of H. Becker's note; Bitticher's Lexicon Tacit. s. v.;
fluids, especially oil. A vessel of horn, of a cubic Becker, Gallus, vol. i. p. 222; compare the article
or cylindrical shape, of the capacity of a cotyla, ESSEDUM.) [L. S.]
was divided into twelve equal parts by lines cut CRATER (KpaT'rp: Ionic, cp'rTp~: Lat. crater
on its side, The whole vessel was called litra, and or cratera; from Rcepa'vuVuL, I mix), a vessel in
each of the parts an ounce (uncia). This measure which the wine, according to the custom of the
held nine ounces (by weight) of oil, so that the ancients, who very seldom drank it pure, was
ratio of the weight of the oil to the number of mixed with water, and from which the cups were
ounces it occupied in the measure would be 9: 12 filled. In the Homeric age the mixture was alor 3: 4. (Galenus, De Compos. Medicam. per ways made in the dining-room by heralds or young
Genera, ill. 3, i. 16, 17, iv. 14, v. 3, 6, vi. 6, 8; men (KOgpoLt see II. iii. p. 269, Od. vii. 182, xxi.
Wurm, De Pond. Mens. &c; Hussey, Onz Ancient 271). The use of the vessel is sufficiently clear
Weiyhts, &c.) [P. S.] from the expressions so frequent in the poems of
COTY'TTIA or COTTYTES (co'rtrtra, KdT- Homer: KpnT'pa cepceatreaO, i. e. ovov Kal c'8wp
rVTes), a festival which was originally celebrated E Kpirv P p dtEz'V: irrs'ELV Kfp/T'pa (to empty the
by the Edonians of Thrace, in honour of a goddess crater); Kpy7rijpa'iao-O0aO (cratera statueae, to
called Cotys or Cotytto. (Strab. x. p. 470; Eupolis, place the filled crater near the table); KpT,'Sas
apud Hesych. s, b.; Suidas.) It was held at night, e7rtrTpeeaEO 7rroTo0 o (to fill the craters to the
and, according to Strabo, resembled the festivals brim, see Bilttmann, Lexil. i. 15). The crater in
of the Cabeiri and the Phrygian Cybele, But the the Homeric age was generally of silver (Od. ix.
worship of Cotys, together with the festival of the 203, x. 356), sometimes with a gold edge (Od.
Cotyttia, was adopted by several Greek states, iv. 616), and sometimes all gold or gilt. (II. xxiii.
chiefly those which were induced by their com- 219.) It stood upon a tripod, and its ordinary