Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CORONA. CORONA. 3bl'
mented with the palisades (valli) used in forming which happened when the war was not duly de-:
all entrenchment, as represented in the annexed dared, or was carried on against a very inferior
rwoodcat. (Guichard. De Antiq. Triumnph. p. 266.) force, or with persons not considered by the laws
of nations as lawful enemies, such as slaves and
pirates; or when the victory was obtained without
danger, difficulty, or bloodshed (Aul. Gell. v. 6;
Festms, s. v. Ovalis Corona);.on which account it
l l:i,1i l Iwas made of myrtle, the shrub sacred to Venus,~
"Quod non Alartius, seod quasi Veneris quidam
triumphus foret." (Aul. Gell. 1. c,; Plut. lItarcell.
22; compare *Plin. II. N. xv. 39; Dionys. v. 47.)
The myrtle crown is shown in the woodcut annexed, from a medal of Augustus Caesar.
VI. COR!ONA TRIUMPHALIS. There were three
sorts of triumphal crowns, the first of which was
worn round the head of the commander during his -K
triumph. It was made with laurel or bay leavesE
(Aul, Gell. v. 6; Ovid. Pont. ii. 2. 81; Tibull. i. 0 E) )K' M
7. 7), which plant is frequently met with on the
ancient coins, both with the berries and without
them. It was the latter kind, according to Pliny I
(H. N. xv. 39), which was used in the triumph,
as is shown in the annexed woodcut, from a medal
which commemorates the Parthian triumph of
Ventidius, the lieutenant of Antony. Being the C VD
most honourable of the three, it was termed laurea
insinis (Liv. vii. 13) and insignis corona triumnph-
alis.
VIII. CORONA OLEAGINA. This was likewise'
an honorary wreath, made of the olive leaf, and
conferred upon the soldiers as well as their commanders. According to Gellius (v. 6), it was given
I.T/f~_,/~., < 1,1t-\ ~~.. \ to any person or persons through whose instrumentality a triumph had been obtained, but when
they were not personally present in the action. It
is represented in the next woodcut, from a medal of
Lepidus, and was conferred both by Augustus and
the senate upon the soldiery on several occasions.
(Dion Cass. xlix. 14, xlvi. 40.)
The second one was of gold, often enriched with
jewels, which being too large and massive to be
worn, was held over the head of the general during nA
his triumph, by a public officer (serves publicus,
Juv. Sat. x. 41). This crown, as well as the
former one, was presented to the victorious general
by his army.
The third kind, likewise of gold and great
value, was sent as presents from the provinces to
the commander, as soon as a triumph had been
decreed to him (Plut. Aemil. Paul. 34), and therefore they were also termed provinciales. (Tertull.
De Coron. Mil. c. 13.) In the early ages of the Golden crowns, without any particular designarepublic, these were gratuitous presents, but sub- tion, were frequently presented out of compliment
sequently they were exacted as a tribute under the by one individual to another, and by a general to
name of aurumn coronariumn, to which none were a soldier who had in any way distinguished himentitled but those to whom a triumph had been self. (Liv. vii. 10, 37, x. 44, xxx. 15.)
decreed. The custom of presenting golden crowns The Greeks in general made but little use of
from the provinces to victorious generals was like- crowns as rewards of valour in the earlier and
wise in use among the Greeks, for they were pro- better periods of their history, except as prizes in
fusely lavished upon Alexander after his conquest the athletic contests; but previous to the time of
of Dareius (Athen. xii. p. 539, a); and the Alexander, crowns of gold were profusely distriRomans probably borrowed the custom from the buted among the Athenians at least, for every
Greeks. [AURUM CoRoNARIUM.] trifling feat, whether civil, naval, or military
VII. CORONA OVALIS was another crown of less (Aesch. c. Clesiph.; Dem. De Coron. passsi),
estimation, appropriated solely to commanders. It which, though lavished without much discriminawas given to those who merely deserved an ovation, tion as far as regards the character of the receiving