Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CONTUBERNALES. CONVENTUS. 357'
for which they had to defray the expenses out of Pro Plac2e. 11 Suet. Cues. 42; Tacit. Agr. 5;
their own means. (Sueton. NAero, 4; Juven. xi. Frontin. Strateg. iv. 1. 11; Plutarch. Ponzmp. 3.)
193, &c.; Cassiod. 1. c., and iii. 39, v. 49, vi. 10.) In a still wider sense, the name con/lubernales
Some emperors indeed granted the money necessary was applied to persons connected by ties of inltifor such purposes and endeavoured to check the mate friendship and living under the same roof
growing extravagance of the consuls, but these (Cic. Ad Fram. ix. 2; Pliun. Lpist. ii. 13); and
regulations were all of a transitory nature. (Lam- hence when a free man and a slave, or two slaves,
prid. Al. Sever. 43; Vopisc. Aurel. 12; Justin. who were not allowed to contract a legal marriage,
Nov. 105.) Compare besides the various works on lived together as husband and wife, they were
Roman history, K. D. HUillmann, Runm. Grzndver- called contzbernales; and their connection, as well:
flssug, p. 125, &c.; K. W. Gbttling, Gese~k. der as their place of residence, conztubeaiziumn. (Colum.
Riz. Staatsvlerf: p. 269, &c., and above all, Becker, xii. 1. 3, i. 8; Petron. Sat. 96; Tacit. Hist. i.
Handbuch der Rom. Alterth. vol. ii. part ii. pp. 87 43, iii. 74.) Cicero (Ad Att. xiii. 28) calls Caesar
-126. [L. S.] the conztulernalis of Quirinus, thereby alluding to
CONSULAtRIS, throughout the time of the the fact that Carsar had allowed his own statue to
Roman republic signifies a person who has been be erected in the temple of Quirinus (comp. Ad
invested with the consulship; but under the em- i.4t. xii. 45, and Suet. Caes. 76). [L. S.]
pire it became a mere title for the higher class of CONTUBE'RNIUM. [CONTUBERNALES;
officers, who thereby obtained permission to have CONCUBINA.]
the insignia of a consul, without ever having ac- CONTUS. (c"eTcds, from tee're'iW, I prick or
tually been consuls. Hence the title was almost pierce), was, as Nonius (xviii. 24) expresses it, a
equivalent to that of an " honorary consul " (consult long and strong wooden pole or stake, with a:
honoraries; Cod. Theod. vi. tit. 19, s. 15 vi. tit. 2. pointed iron at the one end. (Virg. Aen. v. 208.)
s. 2). The title was gi;ven especially to generals, as It was used for various purposes, but chiefly as a
formerly persons after their consulship had usually punt-pole by sailors, who, in shallow water, thrust
undertaken the command of an army in the pro- it into the ground, and thus pushed on, the boat.
vinces, and in many instances they were the same (Hom. Od. ix. 287; Virg. 1. c; and vi. 302.) It
as the legati principis or the. magistri militum. also served as a means to sound: the depth of the
(Veget. ii. 9; Dig. 3. tit. 2. s. 2.) It was further a water. (Festus, s. v. Pereoszctatio, p. 214, ed. Miilcommon custom established, even by the first em- ler; Donat. ad, Terent. Hec. i. 2. 2.) At a later
perors to give to governors.of imperial provinces the period, when the Romans became acquainted with
title of consularis, irrespective of their ever having the huge lances or pikes of some of the northern
been consuls. (Suet. Aug. 33, Tib. 33, Domit. 6; barbarians, the word contus was applied to that
Tac. Agric. 8, 14, 40.) Consularis thus gradually kind of weapon (Virg. Aen. ix. 510; Tacit. Hist.
became the established title for those entrusted i. 44, iii. 27; Lamprid. Commod. 13); and the
with the administration of imperial provinces. long pikes peculiar to the Sarmatians were always
The emperor Hadrian divided Italy into four re- designated by this name. (Tacit. Hist., i. 79,
gions, and over each he placed an officer who like- Annzal. vi: 35; Stat. Achlil. ii. 416; Valer. Flac.
wise bore the title of consularis, and was. entrusted vi. 162, and others.) [L. S.]
with the administration of justice in his district, CONVENI'RE IN MANUM. [MATRIwhence he is frequently called Juridicus (Spar- MIONIUM.]
tian. Hadr. 22, with the note of Salmas.). At CONVENTIO'NES. [OeBLIGATIONES.]
Constantinople the title was given to the super- CONVENTUS (ovrsvoos, sv'ovouia, or orvva.
intendents of the aquaeducts (consulares aquarum), yceyl4) is properly a name which may be given towho had to see that all public and private places any assembly of men who meet for a certain pur-e
were properly suspplied with water, and who seem pose. (Paul. Dinec. p. 42, ed. MUller.) But when'
to have been analogous to the curatores aquarum the Romans had reduced foreign countries into'
of Rome. They are frequently mentioned in in- the form of provinces, the word conventus assumedscriptions, and also in the Codex of Justinian and a more definite meaning, and was applied to the'
Theodosius. [L. S.] meetings of the provincials in certain places apCONTRACTUS. [OBLGAIOASIONZS.] pointed by the praetor or proconsul for the purCONTROVE/RSIA.. [JrD.Ex J] pose of administering justice. (Cic. in Verr. ii. 20,
CONTUBERNA'LES ((rKIWVOL0). This word,. 24, 30, iv. 29, 48; Cic. ad Fasm. xv. 4; Horat.
in its original meaning, signified men who served Sat. i. 7. 22'; Caes. Bell. Civ. ii. 21; Hirt. Bell.:
in the same army and lived in the same tent. It Aftr. 97.) In order to facilitate the administration
is derived from taberna (afterwards tabernaculum), of justice, a province was divided into a number
which, according to Festus, was the original name of districts or circuits, each of which was likewise
for a military tent, as it was. made of boards called conventezs, forzm, or jurisdietio. (Cic. in
(tabulae). Each tent was occupied by ten soldiers Verr. ii. 8, 66; Plin. Ep. x. 5; Plin. H, AT. iii.
(contubernales), with a subordinate officer at their 1, iv. 22, v. 29.) Roman citizens living in a prohead, who was called decanus, and in, later times vince were likewise under the jurisdiction of the
caput contubernii. (Veget. De Re lil. ii. 8. 1 3.;. proconsul; and accordingly all that had to settle any
compare Cie. Pro Ligar. 7; Hirt. Bell. Alex. 16; business at a conventus had to make their appearDrakenborch, Ad Liv. v. 2,) ance there. The towns which had the Jus ItaYoung Romans of illustrious, families used to licum, had magistrates of their own with a jurisaccompany a distinguished general on his. expedi- dictio, ftom whom there was no doi:bt an appeal
tions, or to his province, for the purpose of gaining to the proconsul. At certain times of the year,
under his superintendence a practical trainin in fixed by the proconsul, the people assembled in
the art of war, or in the administration of public the chief town of the district.'To hold a conaffairs, and were, like soldiers living in the same ventus was expressed by cozveentus ayere, perasere
tent, called his contubernales. (Cic. Pro Coel. 30,.briotn agere, ayopaiovs (sc. Nymphs) Yey, &c;'
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