Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

COLUMNA. COLUMNA. 323
liquids. Thus we find it employed in the making given a sketch (Journal, p. 234; see woodcut),
of olive-oil to receive the juice of the berry when and the splendid tombs and temples, which were
pressed out by the prelum. Such cola were made hewn out of the rock, and constructed at the exof hair, broom or rushes (Virg. Geory. ii. 242; pense of the most wealthy of the ancient inhabitColum. i. R. xii. 19). Those that were used as ants. We have also direct testimonies to prove
articles of luxury for straining wine were fre- that the ancients made use of wooden columns in
quently made of some metal, such as bronze or their edifices. Pausanias (vi. 24. ~ 7) describes a
silver (Athen. p. 470, d.) Various specimens of very ancient monument in the market-place at
cola have been found at Pompeii. The preceding Elis, consisting of a roof supported by pillars of
woodcut shows the plan and profile of one which
is of silver (Mi1us. Bo1r. vol. viii. 14. fig. 4, 5).
The Romans filled the strainer with ice or snow
(cola nivaria) in order to cool and dilute the wine.
at the same time that it was cleared. [Nix.] [J. Y.]
COLUMBA'RIUM, literally a dove-cote or
pigeon-house, is used to express a variety of objects, all of which however derive their name from i
their resemblance to a dove-cote.'
1. A sepulchral chamber. [FuNus.]
2. In a machine used to raise water for the purr- a
pose of irrigation, as described by Vitruvius (x. 9), \X.-,' [ X.
the vents through which the vwater was conveyed
into the receiving trough, were termed Coluambaria.
This will be understood by referring to the wood- oak. A temple of Julo at Metapontlum was supcut at p. 100. [ANTLIA.] The difference between ported by pillars made from the trunks of vines.
that representation and the machine now under (Plin. H. N. xxiv. 1.) In the Egyptian architecconsideration, consisted in the following points:- ture, many of the greatest stone columns are maniThe wheel of the latter is a solid one (tynipa- fest imitations of the trunk of the palm. (Herod.
snum), instead of radiated (rota); and was worked ii. 169.)
as a treadmill, by men who stood upon platforms As the tree required to be based upon a flat
projecting from the flat sides, instead of being square stone, and to have a stone or tile of similar
turned by a stream. Between the intervals of form fixed on its summit to preserve it from decay,
each platform a series of grooves or channels (co- so the column was made with a square base, and
lanbaria) were formed in the sides of the tympa- was covered with an abacus. [ABACIus.] Hence
num, through which the water taken up by a the principal parts of which every colunln consists
number of scoops placed on the outer margin of are three, the base, the shaft, and the capital.
the wheel, like the jars in the cut referred to, was In the Doric, which is the oldest style of Greek
conducted into a wooden trough below (labraum architecture, we must consider all the columns in
ligneton suppositum, Vitruv. 1. c.). the same row as having one common base (podlizum),
3. The cavities which receive the extreme ends whereas in the Ionic and Corinthian each column
of the beams upon which a roof is supported (tig- has a separate base, called rr7re7pa. [SPIRA.] The
noraun cubilia), and which are represented by capitals of these two latter orders show, cn comtriglyphs in the Doric order, were termed Colunm- parison with the Doric, a greater degree of combarie by the Roman architects; that is, whilst plexity and a much richer style of ornament;
they remained empty, and until filled up by the and the character of lightness and elegance is
head of the beam. The corresponding Greek term further obtained in them by their more slender
was o7rai (from b7r5, a hole), and hence the space shaft, its height being much greater in proportion
between two such cavities, that is, in the comrn- to its thickness. Of all these circumstances some
plete building, between two triglyphs, was called idea may be formed by the inspection of the three
uztt7rv, a metope. (Vitruv. iv. 2; Marquez, Dell' accompanying specimens of pillars selected from
Orline Dorico, vii. 37.) [A. R.]
COLUMEN, which is the same word as cml- I
men, is used in architecture, either generally for
the roof of a building, or particularly for a beamn
in the highest part of the slope of a roof. By this
description Vitruvius seems to mean either the collar-beams, or the king-post, but more probably the
latter, as he derives columna from columen (Vitruv. iv. 2. ~ 1. Schn,- Festus). [P. S.]
COLUMNA (mcldcv, dim. tLoves,, ceovS, t-ov
ricoes JTI'Aos, dim. e-rvAls,'TUAVLcaos ), a pillar or
column.
The use of the trunks of trees placed upright
for supporting buildings unquestionably led to the
adoption of similar supports wrought in stone.
Among the agricultural Greeks of Asia Minor,
whose modes of life appear to have suffered little
change for more than two thousand years, Sir C.
Fellowes observed an exact conformity of style and
arrangement between the wooden huts now occupied by the peasantry, of one of which he has
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