Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

COLONIA. COLONIA. 819
and Tusculani, which were conquered states (Liv. of their own choosing, as in the case of Puteoli,
viii. 14), and received the civitas without the suf- B. C. 63. (Cic. De Leg. Ayr. ii. 31.)'fhe ii;st
fragium; and all these places received the con- class or kind of praefecti, the quatruoriri, who
plete civitas before the social war, or, as Festus were sent into Campania, was abolished by Auexpr sses it, " Post aliquot annos cives Romani gustus, in conformity with the general tenor of his
effecti sunt." It is singular that another ancient policy, B.c. 13. After the passing of the Julia
definition of this class of municipia says, that the Lex de Civitate, the cities of the socii which repersons who had the rights of Romsan citizens, ceived the Roman civitas, still retained their inexcept the honores, were cives; and among such ternal constitution; but, with respect to Rome,
communities are enumerated the Cumani, Acer- ware all included under the name of municipia:
rani, and Atellani. This discrepancy merely thus Tibur and Praeneste, which were Latinae
shows that the later Roman writers used the word civitates, then became Roman municipia. On the
civis in a very loose sense, which we cannot be other hand, Bononia and Luca which were originsurprised at, as they wrote at a time when these ally Latinae coloniae, also became Roman mudistinctions had ceased. Another kind of muni- nicipia in consequence of receiving the Roman
cipium was, when a civitas was completely incor- civitas, though they retained their old colonial
porated with the Roman state; as in the case of constitution and the name of colonia. Thus
the Anagninli (Liv. ix. 23), Caerites, and Aricini, Cicero (in Pis. c. 23) could with propriety call
who completely lost all internal administration of Placentia a municipium, though in its origin it
their cities; while the Tusculani and Lanuvini re- was a Latin colonia; and in the oration Pro Se. t.
tained their internal constitution, and their magis- (c. 14) he enumerates municipia, coloniae, and
trate called a dictator. A third class of municipia praefecturae, as the three kinds of towns or comwas those whose inhabitants possessed the full munities under which were comprehended all the
privileges of Roman citizens, and also the internal towns of Italy. The testimony of the Heracleotic
administration of their own cities, as the Tiburtes, tablet is to the like effect; for it speaks of muniPraenestini, Pisani, Urbinates, Nolani, Bononli- cipia, coloniae, and praefecturae as the three kinds
enses, Placentini, Nepesini, Sutrini, and Lucrenses, of places which had a magistratus of some kind, to
(Lucenses?). The first five of these were civitates which enumeration it adds fora and conciliabula, as
sociorum; and the second five, coloniae Latinae: comprehending all the kinds of places in which
they all became municipia, but only by the effect bodies of Roman citizens dwelt.
of the Julia Lex, B.C. 90. It thus appears that the name municipium,
It has also been already said that a praefectura which originally had the meanings already given,
was so called from the circumstance of a praefectus acquired a narrower import after B.C. 90, and in
J. D. being sent there from Rome. Those towns this narrower import signified the civitates sociorum
in Italy were called praefecturae, says Festus, "In and coloniae Latinae, which then became complete
quibus et jus dicebatur et nundinae agebantur, et members of the Ronman state. Thus there was
erat quaedam earum respublica, neque tamen then really no difference between these municipia
magistratus suos habebant; in quas legibus prae- and the coloniae, except in their historical origin,
fecti mittebantur quotannis, qui jus dicerent." and in their original internal constitution. The
Thus a praefectura had a respublica, but no magis- Roman law prevailed in both.
tratus. Festus then makes two divisions of praefec- The following recapitulation may be useful:turae. To the first division were sent four praefecti The old Roman colonies (civiu2mn Ronmanorusm) were
chosen at Rome (populi stjargio); and he enu- placed in conquered towns; and the colonists conmnerates ten places in Campania to which these tinned to be Roman citizens. These colonies were
quattuorviri were sent, and among them Cumae and near Rome (Liv. i. 11, 27, 56, ii. 21, 39), and few
Acerra, which were municipia; and Volturnum, in number. Probably some of the old Latinae coloLiternum, and Puteoli, which were Roman colonies niae were established by the Romans in conjunction
established after the second Punic war. The with other Latin states (Antiurn). After the consecond division of praefecturae comprised those quest of Latium, Latinae coloniae were established
places to which the praetor urbanus sent a prae- by the Romans in various parts of Italy. These
fectus every year, namnely, Fundi, Formiae, Caere, colonies should be distinguished from the colonies
Venafrum, Allifae, Privernum, Anagnia, Frusino5 civium Romanorum, inasmuch as they are someReate, Saturnia, Nursia, Arpinum, aliaque com- times called coloniae populi Romani, though they
plura. Only one of them, Saturnia, was a colony were not coloniae civium Ronmanorum. (Liv. xxvii.
of Roman citizens (Liv. xxxix. 55); the rest are 9, xxix. 15.) Roman citizens who chose to join
municipia. It is the conclusion of Zumpt that all such colonies, gave up their civic rights for the
the municipia of the older period, that is5 up to the msnore solid advantage of a grant of land.
time when the complete civitas was given to the When Latin colonies began to be established,
Latini and the socii5 were praefecturae5 and that few Roman colonies were founded until after the
sorme of the colonies of Roman citizens were also close of the second Punic wvar (B. C. 201), and
praefecturae. Now as the praefectus ewas ap- these few were chiefly maritime colonies (Anxur,
pointed for the purpose of administering justice &c.). These Latin colonies were subject to and
(jUri dicttnzdo), and was annually sent from Rome, part of the Roman state; but they had not the
it appears that this was one among the many ad- civitas: they had no political bond among themmirable parts of the Roman polity for maintaining selves; but they had the administration of their
harmony in thle whole political system by a uni- internal affairs. The colonies of the Gracchi were
formity of law and procedure. The name prae- Roman colonies; but their object, like that of subfectura continued after the year B.c. 90; but it sequent Agrarian laws, was merely to provide for
seems that, in some places at least, this functionary the poorer citizens: the old Roman and the Latin
ceased to be sent from Rome, and various praefec- colonies had for their object the extension and
turae acquired the privilege of having magistratus conservation of the Roman empire in Italy. After