Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

316 GCOiON l A. COLONIA.
for supposing that he ever joined such a colony, unless his wife was a Roman, or unless she belonged
without his consent. to a people with which there was connubium.
The colon'a proceeded to its place of destination It is important to form a precise notion of the
in the form of an army (sub vexillo), which is in relation of an ancient Roman colonia to Romlle.
dicated on the coins of some coloniae. An urbs, if That the colonists, as already observed, had all the
one did not already exist, was a necessary part of rights of Roman citizens, is a fact capable of pera new colony, and its limits were marked out by fect demonstration; though most writers, following
a plough, which is also indicated on ancient coins. Sigonius, have supposed that Roman citizens, by
The colonia had also a territory, which, whether bhcoming members of a Roman colony, lost the
marked out by the plough or not (Cic. Phil. ii. 40), suffragium and honores, and did not obtain them
was at least mlarked out by metes and bounds. till after the passing of the Julia lex. Such an
Thus the urbs and territory of the colonia re- opinion is inconsistent with the notion of Roman
spectlvely olrresponded to the urbs Roma and its citizenship [CIVITAs], which was a personal, not a
territ ry. Religious ceremonies always accom- local right; and it is also inconsistent with the very
panlied the foundation of the colony, and the an- principle of Roman polity apparent in the establishniversary was afterwards observed. (Plutarch, ment of Roman colonies. Further, the loss of the
C. G(racchus, 11; Servius, atd Aen. v. 755; Cic. suffragium and honores would have been a species
ad Attic. iv. I). It is stated that a colony could of capitis deminutio, and it is clear, from what
not be sent out to the same place to which a Cicero says of the consequences of a Roman volun.
colony had already been sent in due form (auspi- tarily joining a Latin colony, that no such consecato Idedutcs). This merely means that so long as quences resulted from becoming a member of a
the colony maintained its existence, there could be Roman colony. If a Roman ever became a member
no new colony in the same place; a doctrine that of a Roman colony without his consent, it must
would hardly need proof, for a new colony implied have been in the early ages of the state, when the
a new assignment of lands; but new settlers (novi colonies still retained their garrison character, and
adscri, ti) might be sent to occupy colonial lands to join a colony was a kind of military service; but
not already assigned. (Liv. vi. 30; Cic. P/lil. ii. such a duty to protect the state, instead of iinply40.) Indeed it was not unusual for a colony to ing any loss of privilege, justifies quite a different
receive a su;p lenientum, as in the case of Venusia conclusion.
(Liv. xxxi. 49), and in other cases (Tacit. Ann. Puteoli, Salernum, Buxentum were coloniae
xiv. 27); tand a colony might be re-established, if civium Romanorinm (Liv. xxxiv. 45); the Ferenit seemed necessary, from any cause; and under tinates made a claim, that Latini who should give
the emperors such re-establishment might be in their names as willing to join a colonia civiuln
entirely arbitrary, and done to gratify personal Romanorum, should thereby become cives Romani.
vanity, or fiom any other motive. (Tacit. Ann. Some Latini who had given in their names for
xiv. 97. Puteoli; and the note in Oberlin's the coloniae of Puteoli, Salerntim, and l3uxentinm,
Tacitus.) thereupon assumed to act as cives Romani, but the
The commissioners appointed to conduct the senate would not allow their claim. This shows,
colony had apparently a profitable office, and the if it requires showing, that the cives of Romanne
establishmluent of a new settlement gave employ- coloniae continued to be cives Romani. (Liv.
ment to numerous functionaries, among whom xxxiv. 42.)
Cicero enumerates —apparitores, scribae, librarii, It is somewhat more difficult to state what was
praecones, architecti. The foundation of a colony the condition of those conlquered people among
might then, in many cases, not only be a mere whom the Romans sent their colonists. They
party measure, carried for the purpose of gaining were not Roman citizens, nor yet were they socii;
popularity, but it would give those in power an still they were in a sense a part of the Roman
opportunity of providing places for many of their state, and in a sense they were cives, though cerfriends. tainly they had not the suffiagium, and perhaps
A colonia was a part of the Roman state, and it originally not the connubium. It is probable
liad a res publica; but its relation to the parent state that they had the commercium, but even this is
might vary. In Livy (xxxix. 55) the question not certain. They might be a part of the Roman
was whether Aquileia should be a colonia civium civitas without being cives, and the difficulty of
Romanlorum, or a Latilna colonia,; a question that ascertaining their precise condition is increased by
had no reference to the persons who should form the circumstance of the vword civitas being used
the colony, but to their political rights with respect loosely by the Roman writers. If they were cives
to Rome as members of the cololy. The members in a sense, this word imported no privilege; for it
of a Roman colony (colonic Civium Ron07anorun) is certain that, by being incorporated in the Roman
musts as the term itself implies, have always had state as a conquered peopl), they lost all power of
the same rights, which, as citizens, they would have administering their own affairs, and obtained no
at Rome. [CIVITAS.] They were, as Niebuhr share in the administration of the Roman state;
remarks, in the old Rtoman colonies, " the populus; they had not the honourable rank of socii, and
the old inhabitants, the commonalty." These two they were subject to military service and taxation.
bodies may, in course of time, have fiequently They lost all jurisdictio, and it is probable that
formed one; but there could be no political union they were brought entirely within the rules and
between them till the old inhabitants obtained the procedure of the Roman law, so far as that was
comlnercium and connubimn, in other words, the practicable. Even the commerciumn and connucivitas; and it is probable that among the various bium with the people of their own stock, were somecauses which weakened the old colonies, and ren- times taken from them (Liv. ix. 43, viii. 14), and
dered new supplies of colonists necessary, we thus they were disunited from their own nation
should enumerate the want of Roman women; for and made a part of the Roman state, without having
the children of a Roman were not Roman citizens the full civitas. So far, then, was the civitas (with.