Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

6314 1~COLONIA. COLONIA.
a colony of Corcyra; hut the leader (oitur-ris) of &roLKot was not merely one of words but of things.
the colony of Epidamnus was a Corinthian who The earlier colonies usually originated in private
wvas invited from the metropolis Corinth. In enterprise, and became independent of, and lost
course of time, in consequence of civil dissensions their interest in, the parent state. On the other
and attacks from the neighbouring barbarians, the hand, it was essential to the very notion of a
Epidamnians applied for aid to Corcyra, but their KkA-povX[a that it should be a public enterprize,
request was rejected. They next applied to the and should always retain a connection more or less
Corinthians, who took Epidamnus under their intimate with Athens herself. The word iKAa7povXia
protection, thinking,- says Thacydides, that the conveys the notion of property to be expected and
colony was no less theirs than the Corinthians': formally appropriated: whereas the 7rootL of
and also induced to do so through hatred of the ancient times went out to conquer lands for themCorcyraeans, because they neglected them though selves, not to divide those which were already
they were colonists; for they did not give to the conquered.
Corinthians the custonlary honours and deference The connection with the parent state subsisted,
in the public solemnlities and sacrifices as the other as has been just hinted, in all degrees. Somecoloinies were wont to pay to the mother country. times, as in the case of Lesbos, the holders of land
The Corcyraeans who had become very powerfull did not reside upon their estates, but let them to
by sea, took offence at the Corinthians receiving the original inhabitants, while themselves remained
Epideamnus under their protection, and the result at Athens. (Bbckh, Public Econ. of'Atshens, p. 431,
was a war between Corcyra and Corinth. The 2nd ed.) The condition o: these KhAqpovXoz did
Corcyraeans sent ambassadors to Athens to ask not differ from that of Athenian citizens who had
assistance; and in reply to the objection that they estates in Attica. All their political rights they
were a colony of Corinth, they said " that every not only retained, but exercised as Athenians; in
colony, as long as it is treated kindly, respects the the capacity of landholders of Lesbos they could
mother country: but when it is injured, is alienated scarcely have been recognised by the state, or have
from it; for colonists are not sent out as subjects, borne any corporate relation to it. Another case
but that they may have equal rights with those was where the KtqpoOXoi resided on their estates,
that remain at home." (Thuc. i. 34.) and either with or without the old inhabitants,
It is true that ambitious states, such as Athens, formed a new community. These still retained
sometimes claimed dominion over other states on the rights of Athenian citizens, which distance
the ground of relationship; but, as a general rule, only precluded them from exercising: they used
colonies may be regarded as independent states, the Athenian courts; and if they or their chilattached to their metropolis by ties of sympathy dren wished to return to Athens, naturally and of
and common descent, but no further. The case of course they regained the exercise of their former
Potidaea, to which the Corinthians sent annually privileges. Of this we have the most positive
the chief magistrates (7qxouvp'yoi), appears to have proof (Biickh, Ibid. p. 429): as the object of these
been an exception to the general rule. (Thuc. i. KAalpovXia1 was to form outposts for the defence of
56.) Athenian commerce, it was the interest of the
The cXqpovXL'a, of which mention was made parent state to unite them by a tie as kindly as
above, were colonies of an entirely different kind possible: and it cannot be supposed that indifrom the &aroK'at,, of which we have hitherto been viduals would have been found to risk, in a doubt.
speaking. They belonged exclusively to the ful enterprise, the rights of Athenian citizens.
Athenians; and the earliest example to which the Sometimes, however, the connection might graterm, in its strict sense, is applicable, is the occu- dually dissolve, and the mcAXpopXoL sink into the
pation of the domains of the Chalcidian knights condition of mere allies, or separate wholly from
(i17rroio'ra) by four thousand Athenian citizens, the mother country. In Aegina, Scione, Potidaea,
B. C. 506. (Herod. v. 77; comp. vi. 100.) and other places, where the original community
In assigning a date to the commencement of was done away, the colonists were most completely
this system of colonisation, we must remember under the control of Athens. Where the old inthat the principle of a division of conquered lands habitants were left unmolested, we may conceive
had existed from time immemorial in the Grecian their admixture to have had a twofold effect:
states. Nature herself seemed to intend that the either the new comers would make comnlon cause
Greek should rule and the barbarian obey; and with them, and thus would arise the alienation
hence, in the case of the barbarian, it wore no ap- alluded to above; or jealousy and dread of the
pearance of harshness. Such a system, however, ancient inhabitants might make the colonists more
was muore rare between Greek and Greek. Yet entirely dependent on the mother state. It seems
the Dorians in their conquest of the Peloponnese. impossible;,to define accurately when the isopolite
and still more remarkably in the subjugation of relation with Athens may have ceased, although
Messenia, had set an example. In what then did such cases undoubtedly occurred.
the Athenian KcqpovXL'a differ firom this division A question has been raised as to whether the
of territory, or from the ancient colonies? In the KcXapovXoL were among the Athenian tributaries.
first place the name, in its technical sense, was of Probably this depended a good deal upon the pr'oslater date, antd the Greek would not have spoken perity of the colony. We cannot conceive that
of the iAh7pouxlaL of Lycurgus, any more than colonies which were established as military outthe Reoman of the "Agrarian laws" of Romulus posts, in otherwise unfavourable situations, would
or Ancus. Secondly, we should remember that bear such a burthen: at the same time it seemns
the term was always used with a reference to the improbable that the state would unnecessarily
original allotment: as the lands were devised or forego the tribute which it had previously received,
transferred, and the idea of the first division lost where the lands had formerly belonged to tributary
sight of, it would gradually cease to be applied. allies.
The distinction, however, between;cA7poOXot and It was to Pericles Athens was chiefly indebted