Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

COLONATUS. COLONIA. 313
resemblances. Littleton's Tenures, section 172, COLO'NIA, a colony. 1. GREEK. The com&c., and Bracton (fol. 6. 24), may be consulted as mon Greek word for a colony is &iroucia and for
to the incidents of Villeinage. a colonist &arouos. We also find, but not comThis view of the condition of the Coloni is from monly, ero'Kia and EroiKos. (Thuc. ii. 27;
Savigny's Essay on the subject, which is translated Aristoph. Av. 1307.) The former worlds have
in the Philological Museum, vol. ii. reference to their being wanderers from their own
The question of the origin of these Coloni is home; the latter words to their settling in a new
examined at great length by A. XV. Zumpt, Ueber home. The termn KCX7povXia indicates a division
die EIntstekung und historische Enteickelung des of conquered lands among Athenian citizens, and
Colonats (Rheizisclhes Muzseumnfiir Philologie, Neue those who occupied such lalnds were called KA77Folge, 1845). The author is of opinion that the povXo,: but as they were thus colonists, we someorigin of the institution is to be traced to the times find the general term of airotlco applied to
settlement of Germanic people by the Roman em- them. (Thuc. v. 116.) (Vblmel, De Dzscrsimine
perors within the limits of the empire. The Vocabulorum iXkopo5Xos, 67roLKoS, 6rolcos, Frankearliest mention of Coloni, in the sense in which fort, 1 839.)
his essay treats of them, is, as he states, a consti- The earlier Greek colonies were usually comtution of Constantine A. D. 321 (Cod. T'l'heod. 9. posed of mere bands of adventurers, who left their
tit. 21. s. 1, 2) which, however, gives no inform- native country, with their families and property,
ation about their condition. But a later consti- to seek a new home for themselves. Some of the
tution of Constantine, A. D. 332 (Cod. Theod. 5. colonies, which arose in consequence of foreign
tit. 9, de fugitivis colonis) does give some inform. invasion or civil wars, were undertaken without
ation. The condition of these foreign settlers any formal consent from the rest of the combeing once established, the author supposes that munity; but usually a colony was sent out with
poor Roman citizens might enter into this condition, the approbation of the mother country, and under
partly induced by the advantage of getting land, the management of a leader (oiKio-rrs) appointed
and partly, as he states, though it is not clearly by it. But whatever may have been the orig n
explained, by legal compulsion. A constitution of of the colony, it was always considered in a
Theodosius the Younger (Cod. Theod. 5. tit. 4, de political point of view independent of the mother
bonis militum, s. 3, ed. Wenck), contains some country (called by the Greeks i7rTpSdroXAs), and
valuable information on the colonization or settle- entirely emancipated from its control. At the same
ment of the barbarians, and declares them to tinle, though a colony was in no political subjection
belong to the condition expressed by the term to its parent state, it was united to it by the ties
Colonatus. The term colonus often occurs in the of filial affection; and, according to the generally
writers who are excerpted in the Digest (41. tit. 2. received opinions of the Greeks, its duties to the
s. 30. ~ 5; 19. tit. 2. s. 3, 9. ~ 3; 19. tit. 1. parent state corresponded to those of a daughter to
s. 13. ~ 30, and elsewhere); but these Coloni are her mother. (Dionys. iii. 7; Polyb. xii.: 0. ~ 3.)
supposed to be merely a kind of tenants. The Hence, in all matters of common interest, the
passage in the Digest (30. s. 112) which cites a colony gave precedence to the mother state; and
constitution of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, the founder of the colony (oi'scmervs), who might
is supposed, by Zumpt, to mean ordinary tenants be considered as the representative of the parent
(miether, plichter).; but it must be admitted, that state, was usually worshipped, after his death, as a
it is rather difficult to accept this explanation, as hero. (Herod. vi. 38; Thuc. v. 11; Died. xi. 66,
already observed. The word Colonatus, it is xx. 102.) Also, when the colony became in its
stated, does not occur in the Digest; but that turn a parent, it usually sought a leader for the
negative fact proves little. The most probable colony which it intended to found from the orisolution of the question is, that the condition of ginal mother country (Thuc. i. 24); and the same
the Coloni mentioned in the Digest was the model feeling of respect was manifested by embassies
of the condition of the barbarians who were settled which were sent to honour the principal festivals
in the Roman empire; and it is no objection to of the parent state (Dioed. xii. 30; WVesseling, ad
this, that the condition of the barbarians might be loc.), and also by bestowing places of honour anld
made more burdensome and less free than that of other marks of respect upon the ambassadors and
the Coloni, who already existed. Nor is it other members of the parent state, wheul they
against this supposition, if the condition of the visited the colony at festivals and similar occasions.
barbarian Coloni gradually became the condition (Thuc. i. 25.) The colonists also worshipped in
of all the Coloni. The reasons for fixing the bar- their new settlement the same deities as they had
barian settlers to the soil are obvious enough. been accustomed to honour in their native country;
The policy of the emperors was to people the the sacred fire, which was constantly kept burncountry, and to disperse many of the tribes whose ing on their public hearth, was taken from the
union would have been dangerous. If the results Prytaneium of the parent city; and, according to
of Zumpt's inquiry cannot be admitted to their one account, the priests who ministered to the gods
full extent, it must be allowed, that he has thrown in the coluony, were brought from the parent state.
great light on the subject, and probably approached (Schol. ad Thluc. i. 25; compare Tacit. Ann. ii. 54.)
as near as possible to the solution of the difficulty, In the same spirit, it was considered a violation
with the exception of his hypothesis, that the co- of sacred ties for a mother country and a colony
lonatus originated entirely in the settlement of these to make war upon one another. (Herod. viii. 22;
barbarians. It seems much more probable that Thuc. i. 38.)
the Romans modelled the barbarian settlements The preceding account of the relations between
upon some institution that already existed, though the Greek colonies and the mother country is
this existing institution might not be precisely the elucidated by the history which Thucydides gives
same as that subsequent institution to which the us of the quarrel between Corcyra and Corinth.
term Colonatus was peculiarly applied. [G. L.] Corcyra was a colony of Corinth, and Epidamnus