Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CLOACA.- CLOACA. -- 299
custom is illustrated by the preceding beautiful 18- Roman palms, about 14 feet in diameter, each
gem from the antique, in which the figure of Vic- of the hewn blocks being 7, palms long and 4~
tory is represented inscribing upon a clipezs the high, and joined together without cement. The
name or merits of some deceased hero. manner of construction -is shown in the annexed
Each Roman soldier had also his own name in- woodcut, taken on the spot, where a part of it is
scribed upon his shield, in order that he might uncovered near the arch of Janus Quadrifrons.
readily find his own when the order was given to
unpile arms (Veget. ii. 17); and sometimes the
name of the commander under whom he fought. - -
(Hirt. Bell. Alex. 58.)
The clipens was also used to regulate the
temperature of the vapour bath. [BALNEAE, p. ('
192, a.] [A. R.]. ~'
CLITELLAE, a pair of panniers, and therefore only used in the plural number. (Hor. Sat. i. o.
5. 47; Plaut. MInost. iii. 2. 91.) In Italy they ~
were commonly used with mules or asses, but in
other countries they were also applied to horses, of.
which an instance is given in the annexed woodcut from the column of Trajan; and Plautus (lb.
94) figuratively describes a man upon whose The mouth where it reaches the Tiber, nearly
shoulders a load of any kind, either moral or phy- opposite to one extremity of the insula 7iberisza,
sical, is charged, as homno clitellarius. [A. R.] still remains in the state referred to by Pliny (I. c.).
It is represented in the annexed woodcut, with the
adjacent buildings as they still exist, the modern
-. < S fabrics only which encumber the site, being left
out.
CLOA'CA, a common sewer. The term cloaca
is generally used in reference only to those spacious L
subterraneous vaults, either of stone or brick, _
through which the foul waters of the city, as well =
as all the streams brought to Rome by the aque- - - = -
ducts, finally discharged themselves into the
Tiber; but it also includes within its meaning
any smaller drain, either wooden pipes or clay;
tubes (Ulpian, Dig. 43. tit. 23. s. 1), with which -m2y,; _,
almost every house in the city was furnished to
carry off its impurities into the main conduit.
The whole city was thus intersected by subter- The passages in Strabo and Pliny which state
raneous passages, and is therefore called urbs that a cart (atvata, vehes) loaded with hay, could
pesnsilis, in Plinly's enthusiastic description of the pass down the cloaca maxima, will no longer ap.
cloacae. (MI. N. xxxvi. 15. s. 24.) pear incredible from the dimensions given of this
The most celebrated of these drains was the stupendous work; but it must still be borne in
cloaca maxiscma, the construction of which is as- mind that the vehicles of the Romans were much
cribtd to Tarquinius Priscus (Liv. i. 38; Plin. smaller than our own. Dion Cassius also states
1. c.), and which was formed to carry off the (xlix. 43) that Agrippa, when he cleansed the
waters brought down from the adjacent hills into sewers, passed through them in a boat, to which
the Velabrum and valley of the Forum. The Pliny probably alludes in the expression urbs
stone of which it is built is a mark of the great subter aavigata; and their extraordinary dimenantiquity of the work; it is not the peperino of sions, as well as that of the embouchures through
Gabii and the Alban hills, which was the common which the waters poured into them, is still further
building-stone in the time of the commonwealth; testified by the exploits of Nero, who threw down
but it is the " tufa litoide " of Brocchi, one of the the sewers the unfortunate victims of his nightly
volcanic formations which is found in many places riots. (Suet. Aero, 26; compare Dionys. x. 53;
in Rome, and which was afterwards supplanted in Cic. Pro Sext. 35.)
public buildings by the finer quality of the peperino. The cloaca maxima, formed by Tarquin, ex(Arnold, Hist. Romn. vol. i. p. 52.) This cloaca tended only from the forum to the river, but was
was formed by three arches, one within the other, subsequently continued as far up as the Sublara, of
the innermost of which is a semicircular vault of which branch some vestiges were discovered in the