Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CIVITAS. CLAVUS LATUS.. 293
upon such ternms as the lex declared. (Liv. vi. 4; CLANDESTI'NA POSSE'SSIO. [INTERand in the case of the Ferentinates, Liv. xxxiv. 42; DICTUM.]
Cicero, pro Balbo, 13.) The Julia lex, u. c. 90, CLARIGAITIO. [FETIALES.]
was a comprehensive measure. Cicero, however CLASSES. [COMITIA.]
(pro Ballo, c. 8), remarks that many of the people CLASSIA'RII. [ExaRCITUS.]
of Ileracleia and Neapolis made some opposition to CLA'SSICUM. [CoRNU.]
accepting the terms offered by the lex, and would CLATHRI. [DoMus.]
have preferred their former relation to Rome as CLAVIS. [JANUA.]
civitates foederatae (foederis sui libertatem) to the CLAUSTRUM. [JANUA.]
Roman civitas. The lex gave the Roman civitas CLAVUS ANNALIS. In the early ages of
not only to the natives of the Italian towns, but Rome, when letters were yet scarcely in use, the
also to natives of towns out of Italy, who had be- Romans kept a reckoning of their years by driving
come citizens of Italian towns before the lex was a nail (clavus), on the ides of each September, into
enacted. Thus L. Manllius (Cic. ad Fcaen. xiii. 30), thde wall of the temple of Jupiter Optimus
a native of Catina, in Sicily, obtained the Roman M.ieimus, which ceremony was performed by the
civitas by virtue of having been enrolled as a citizen consul or a dictator. (Festus, s. v. Cl av. Annal.;
of Neapolis (erat enim inz id smunici2eitb adsc-Sip Liv. vii. 3, viii. 18,. ix. 28; Cic. al At. v. 15.)
tuns) before the passing of the lex. The lex CLAVUS GUBERNA'CULI. [NAvIS.]
Plastia Papiria, which was proposed by the tri- CLAVUS LATUS, CLAVUS ANGUSTUS.
bunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo, The meaning of these words has given rise to
B. C. 89, contained a' provision that persons, who muclh dispute; but it is now established beyond
had been enrolled as' citizens of' the foedermatae doubt that the clavus latin was a broad purple
civitates, and who had a domicile in Italy at the band, extending perpendicularly from the neck
time when the law was passed, should have the down the centre of the tunica, and that the clavUS
Roman civitas, if they gave in their names to the ajeuslus consisted of two narrow purple slips, runpraetor within sixty days (aped praetoremr essent ning parallel to each other from the top to the
professi, Cic, pro Archiac c. 4). Archias claimed bottom of the tunic, one from each shoulder. Hence
the benefit of this lex as having' been enrolled a we find the tunic called the tunica laiiclavia and
citizen of Heraclea, and having in thie other re- justiclavia. These purple stripes were woven
spects complied with the lex. The case of L. into the tunic (Plin. Ii. N. viii. 48); and this cirM[anlius appears to show that the lex Julia applied[ cumstance accounts for the fact that the clavus is
to persons not natives of an Italian town-if they never represented in works of sculpture. It only
had become citizens of such town before the pass- occurs in paintings, and those too of a very late
ing of the lex; and it is- not clear what was the period. The clavus latus is represented in the anprecise object of the lex Plautia Plapi!ica, whether nexed cut, which is copied from a painting of
merely to explain or to limit the operation of the
Julia lex. If the Julia lex merely declared that -
those who were adscripti in the Italian towns
before the passing of the lex should acquire the j m
Roman civitas, it would be necessary to provide
some security against fraudulent registrations which
might be made after the passing of the lex,
and this would be effected by requiring adscripti
to give in their names at Rome within the sixty
days.
With the establishment of tire imperial power,
the political rights of Roman citizens became in-?) 2
significant, and the commercium and the connubium were the only parts of the civitas that were /'
valuable. The constitution of Antoninus Caracalla, 42
which gave the civitas to all the Roman world, ap- i
plied only to communities and not to individuals; 1
its effect was to make all the cities in the empire
municipia, and all Latini into cives. The distinction of cives and Latini, from this time forward,
only applied to individuals, namely, to freedmen. s
and their children. The peregrinitas in like man- _ -
ner ceased to be applicable to communities, and
only existed in the dediticii as a class of individuals. Rome personified, formerly belonging to the BarThe legislation of Justinian finally put an end to berini family. The clavus angustus is seen in the
what remained of this ancient division into classes, three figures introduced below, all of which are
and the only division of persons was into subjects taken from sepulchral paintings executed subseof the Caesar and slaves. quently to the introduction of Christianity at
The word civitas is often used by the Roman Rome. The female figure on the left hand, which
writers to express any political community, as is copied from Buonarotti (Osservazioni sopra
Civitas Antiochiensium, &c. alcuni Frammenti di Fasi antichi di Vetro, tav.
(Savigny, Zeitschrif2, &c. vol. v., Ueber die Entste- xxix. fig. 1), represents the goddess Moneta. The
hung,&c.,derLatisnitit; vol. ix.,DerRimiscse Volks- one on the right hand is from a cemetery on the
schluss der Tafel von Heraklea; vol. xi., Naclmtrsige Via Salara Nova, and represents Priscilla, an early
zufriilleren Arbeiten; and Savigny, System des hen- martyr. The next figure is selected from three of
tigen 6onmisclen Reclsts, vol.ii. p. 23, &c. [G. L.] a similar kind, representing Shadrach, Meshach,
u 3