Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

282 CHTHONIA. CIPPUS.
themselves. M. Terentius Varro placed it on the strings an untamed heifer just taken from the herd,
21st of April in the third year of the 6th Olym- and drag it into the temple, where four old wonmen
piad, thatis, B. c. 753. (Plut. Romn. 122; Dionys. perform the sacrifice, one of them cutting the
i. 88; Cic. De Div. ii. 47; Vell. Pat. i. 8; Cen- animal's throat with a scythe. The doors of the
sorin. De Die Nat. 17.) This era was adopted by temple, which during this sacrifice had been shut,
Velleius Paterculus, Pliny, Tacitus, A. Gellius, are thrown open, and persons especially appointed
Dion Cassius, Eutropius, and others. Next to for the purpose, lead in a second heifer, then a
the Varronian era, the most celebrated was that third and a fourth, all of which are sacrificed by
of M. Porcius Cato, who placed the foundation of the matrons in the manner described. A curious
Rome in the first year of the 7th Olympiad, or circumstance in this solemnity is, that all the
in the spring of B. c. 752. (Dionys. i. 74; Syncell. heifers must fall on the same side on which the
(Cseonog. p. 194, a.) The date fixed upon in the first fell." The splendour and rich offerings of
aera Cipitolina (so called from the Fasti Capi- this festival are also mentioned by Aelian (Hist.
tolini), by Polybius (Dionys. I. c.; Cic. De Rep. Animal. xi. 4), who, however, makes no mention
ii. 10) and Cornelius Nepos, was one year later; of the matrons of whom Pausanias speaks, but
Q. Fabius Pictor placed the foundation in the first says that the sacrifice of the heifers was performed
year of the 8th Olympiad, i. e. 747 B. C. (Dionys. by the priestess of Demeter.
1. c.), and Cincins Alimentus even placed it in the The Lacedaemonians adopted the worship of
fourth year of the 12th Olympiad, i. e. B. c. 729. Demeter Chthonia from the Hermioneans, some of
E1nnius, on the other hand, placed the building of whose kinsmen had settled in Messenia (Paus. iii.
Rome about 100 or 110 years earlier than most 14. ~ 5); hence we may infer that they celebrated
other writers (Varro, De Re Ruest. iii. 1); and either the same festival as that of the Hermioneans,
Timaeus went so far as to regard the foundation or one similar to it. [L. S.]
of Rome contemporaneous with that of Carthage, CHYTRA (X'r-pa). [OLLA.]
placing it 38 years before the first Olympiad. CI'DARIS. [TIARA.]
But no reliance can be placed on any of these CILI'CIIIM (8'Pis), a hair-cloth. The matestatements; as however it is necessary to have one rial of which the Greeks and Romans almost
point to start from, the Varronian era has been universally made this kind of cloth, was the hair
most commonly adopted by modern writers. (Comp. of goats. The Asiatics made it of camel's-hair.
Fischer. Ronische Zeittefeln, p. 4, &c.) [L. S.] Goats were bred for this purpose in the greatest
CHRYSE'NDETA, costly chased dishes used abundance, and with the longest hair, in Cilicia;
by the Romans at their entertainments. They are and from this country the Latin I. me of such
mentioned several times by Martial (ii. 43, 11, vi. clothl was derived. Lycia, Phrygia, Spain, and
~94, xiv. 97), and from the epithetflcvce which he Libya also produced the same article. The cloth
applies to them. as well as fiom the etymology obtained by spinning and weaving goat's-hair was
of the name, they appear to have been of silver, nearly black, and was used for the coarse habits
with golden ornaments. Cicero (Verr. iv. 21-23) which sailors and fishermen wore, as it was the
mentions vessels of this kind. He calls their least subject to be destroyed by being wet; also
golden ornaments in general sigillC, but again dis- for horse-cloths, tents, sacks, and bags to hold
tinguishes them as crustae and emnble7smat (c. 23); wrorkmen's tools (fabcrilia vasac), and for the purthe former were probably embossed figures or pose of covering military engines and the wvalls
chasings fixed on to the silver, so that they could and towns of besieged cities, so as to deaden the
be removed and transferred to other vessels, and force of the ram, and to preserve the woodwork
the latter inlaid or wrought into it (comp. c. 24: from being set on fire. (Aristot. Hist. Anise. viii.
lIla, ex patellis et teurizlis quase ellerat, ita scite in 28; Aelian, xvi. 30; Varr. De Re Rust. ii. 11;
aezreis poczulis illigabat, ita acpte in scyplhis aereis Virg. Georg. iii. 312; Avien. Orea Mar.- 218includebat, &c.). The embossed wvork appears to 221; Veget. Ars Vet. i. 42.) [J. Y.]
be referred to by Paullllus (cy7bia c aqenteis crustis CINCTUS GABI'NUS. [ToGA.]
ill-igata, Dig. 34. tit. 2. s. 33), and the inlaid orna- CI'NGULUM. [ZoNA.]
nients by Seneca (argentean, in quod solidi auri CINERA'RIUS. [CaLanISTRUM.]
caelatu'va descenderit, Ep. v.). [Comp. CAELA- CI'NERES. [FUNJus.]
TUnA.] [P. S.] CI'NIFLO. [CALAMISTRUM.]
CRYSOA'SPIDES. [ARGYvaASPIDES.] CIPPUS. 1. A low column, sometimes round,
CHRYSOUS (XpuoOS). [AuRUM.] but more frequently rectangular, used as a seCHTHO'NIA (XOdiva), a festival celebrated pulchral monument. (Pers. Sat. i. 36.) Several
at Ilermione in honour of Demeter, surnamed of such cippi are in the Townly collection in the
Chthonia. The following is the description of it British Museum, one of which is given in the
given by Pausanias (ii. 35. ~ 4, &c.):- " The in- woodcut annexed. The inscription is to the mechabitants of Herinione celebrate the Chthonia mory of Viria Primitiva, the wife of Lucius Virius
every year, in sullmner, in this manner:- They Helits, who died at the age of eighteen years, one
form a procession, headed by the priests and ma- month, and twenty-four days. Below the tablet,
gistrates of the year, who are followed by men a festoon of fruits and flowers is suspended from
and women. Even for children it is customary to two rams' heads at the corners; and at the lowver
pay homage to the goddess by joining the proces- corners are two sphinxes, with a head of Pan in
sion. They wear white garments, and on their the area between them. On several cippi we find
heads they have chaplets of flowers, which they the letters S. T. T. L., that is, Sit tili terra levis,
call icooeatooedavaXot, which, however, from their whence Persius, in the passage already referred
size and colour, as well as from the letters in- to, says, Non levior cipaus scune inzpriceit ossa. Tt
scribed on them recording the premature death of was also usual to place on the cippus the extent of
H-yacinthus, seem to me to be hyacinths. Behind the burying-ground both alon, the road (ice;he procession there follow persons leading by foonte), and backwards to the field (in agrcino).