Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CHLAMYS. CHLAMYS. 275
the point of union, and become broader by degrees
towards the other end, where, when closed, they
form a kind of arch. It should be noticed that it _ c
is furnished with a moveable ring, exactly like the
tenaculum forceps employed at the present day.
No. 13 was used for pulling out hairs by the roots
(rpiXo~afis). No. 14 is six inches long, and is
bent in the middle. It was probably used for extracting foreign bodies that had stuck in the oeso- e --
phagus (or gullet), or in the bottom of a wound.
15. A male catheter (aeneafistdia), nine inches in l,
length. The shape is remarkable from its having
the double curve like the letter S, which is the
form that was re-invented in the last century by
the celebrated French surgeon, J. L. Petit. 16.'7repVys, vizgs, and the scarf with these additions
Probably a female catheter, four inches in length. was distinguished by the epithet of Thessalian or
Celsus thus describes both male and female cathe- Macedonian (Etys7m. icaog.), and also lby the name
ters (De lled. vii.26. ~ 1. p. 429) -" The surgeon of -"AxAS or Alicelc. [ALICULA.] Hence the anshould have three male catheters (aeneasfistuclas), cient geographers compared the form of the in.
of which the longest should be fifteen, the next habited earth (1 o.oKal dv1iy) to that of a chlaminys.
twelve, and the shortest nine inches in length; (Strabo, ii. 5; Macrobius, De Somlz. Scip. ii.)
and he should have two female catheters, the one The scarf does not appear to have been much
nine inches long, the other six. Both sorts should worn by children, although one was given with its
be a little curved, but especially the male; they brooch to'iberius Caesar in his infancy. (Suet.
should be perfectly smooth, and neither too thick 7'ib. 6.) It was generally assumed on reaching
nor too thin." 17. Supposed by Froriep to be an adolescence, and was worn by the ephebi from
instrument for extracting teeth (lo,-r'ypa, Pol- about seventeen to twenty years of age. (Philemon,
lux, iv. ~ 181); but Kiihn, with much more pro- p. 367, ed. Meineke; ephebica chlazmnyde, Apuleius,
bability, conjectures it to be an instrument used llMet. x; Pollux, x. 164.) It was also worn by the
in anlputating part of an enlarged uvula, and military, especially of high rank, over their bodyquotes Celsus (De iled. vii. 12. ~ 3. p. 404), armour (Aelian, V. H. xiv. 10; Plaut. Pseud. ii.
who says, that "no method of operating is 4. 45, Lipid. iii. 3. 55), and by hunters and tramore convenient than to take hold of the uvula vellers, more particularly on horseback. (Plaut.
with the forceps, and then to cut off below it Poeoz. iii. 3. 6, 31.)
as much as is necessary." 18, 19. Probably two The scarfs worn by youths, by soldiers, and by
spatulae. [W'V. A. G.] hunters, differed in colour and fineness, according
CHITON (XTmciv). [TUNICA.] to their destination, and the age and rank of the
CHITO/NIA (ytres'va), a festival celebrated wearer. The xAauds EpollCi \was probably yelin the Attic town of Chitone in honour of Artemliis, low or saffron-coloured; and the XXaiAsbs o'rpa-Tcosurnamed Chitona or Chitonia. (Schol. ad Calli- T-rac7, scarlet. On the other hand, the hunter comlmloc/. I-lynn. in Arlten. 78.) The Syracusans also monly went out in a scarf of a dull unconspicuous
celebrated a festival of the same name, and in colour, as best adapted to escape the notice of wild
honour of the same deity, which was distinguished animals. (Pollux, v. 18.) The more ornamental
by a peculiar kind of dance, and a playing onr the scarfs, being designed for females, were tast:fully
flute. (Athen. xiv. p. 629; Steph. Byz. s. v. Xi- decorated with a border (liltbus, Virg. Aen. iv.
*Ov~7;.) [L. S.] 137; macander, v. 251); and those worn by
CI-ILAINA (XAava). [LAENA; PALLIUL.] Phoenicians, Trojans, Phrygians, and otherAsiatics,
CIILAMYS (Xealtus, dimn. XXeaju8Lov), a scarf. were also embroidered, or interwoven with gold.
This term, being Greek, denoted an article of the (Virg. II. cc. iii. 483, 484, xi. 775; Ovid, Met.
AMICTUS, or outer raimnent, which was in general v. 51; Val. Flaccus, vi. 228.) Actors had their
characteristic of the Greeks, and of the Oriental chlamnys ornamented with gold. (Pollux. iv. 116.)
races with which they were connected, although The usual mode of wearing the scarf was to pass
both in its form and in its application it approached one of its shorter sides (a, d) round the neck, and
very much to the LACERNA and PALUDAMENTUM to fasten it by means of a brooch (fibula), either
of the Romans, and was itself to some extent over the breast, in which case it hung down the
adopted by the Romans under the emperors. It back, reaching to the calves of the legs; or over
was for the most part woollen; and it differed the right shoulder, so as to cover the left arm, as
from the zuctd-mov, the usual amictus of the male is seen in the cut on p. 259, and in the well-known
sex, in these respects, that it was much smaller; example of the Belvidere Apollo. In other inalso finer, thinner, more variegated in colour, and stances it was made to depend gracefully from the
more susceptible of orllament. It moreover dif- left shoulder, of which the bronze Apollo in the
fered in being oblong instead of square, its length British Museum (see the annexed woodcut) prebeing generally about twice its breadth. To the sents an example; or it was thrown lightly behind
regular oblong ac, 5, c, d (see woodcut), gears were the back, and passed over either one arm or
added, either in the form of a right-angled triangle shoulder, or over both (see the second figure in the
a, e,f; producing the modification a, e,, d, which last woodcut, taken from Hamilton's Vases, i. 2);
is exemplified in the annexed figure of Mercury; or, lastly, it was laid upon the throat, carried beor of an obtuse-angled triangle a, e, b, producing the hind the neck, and crossed so as to hang down the
modification a, e, b, c, g, d, which is exemplified in back, as in the figure of Achilles (p. 196), and
the figure of a youth from the Panathenaic frieze sometimes its extremities were again brought forin the British Museum. These goars were called ward over the arms or shoulders. -In short, the
T 2