Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

264 CENSOR. CENSOR.
ing the animadversio censoria, made dictator. (Liv. ment might either be a simple exclusion from the
iv. 31.) list of senators, or the person might at the satie
A person might be branded with a censorial time be excluded from the tribes and degraded to
nota in a variety of cases, which it would be im- the rank of an aerarian. (Liv. xxiv. 18.) The
possible to specify, as in a great many instances it latter course seems to have been seldom adopted;
depended upon the discretion of the censors and the ordinary mode of inflicting the punishment was
the view they took of a case; and sometimes even simply this: the censors in their new lists omitted
-one set of censors would overlook an offence which the names of such senators as they wished to exwas severely chastised by their successors. (Cic. elude, and in reading these new lists in public,
de Senect. 12.) But the offences which are re- passed over the names of those who were no longer
corded to have been punished by the censors are to be senators. Hence the expression psraeterita.of a threefold nature. senatores is equivalent to e senataz ejecti. (Liv.
1. Such as occurred in the private life of indi- xxxviii. 28, xxvii. 11, xxxiv. 44; Fest. s. v.
Yiduals, e. g. (a) Living in celibacy at a time Praeteriti.) In some cases, however, the censors
when a person ought to be married to provide the did not acquiesce in this simple mode of proceedstate with citizens. (Val. Max. ii. 9. ~ 1.) The ing, but addressed the senator whom they had
obligation of marrying was frequently impressed noted, and publicly reprimanded him for his conupon the citizens by the censors, and the refusal to duct. (Liv. xxiv. 18.) As, however, in ordinary
fulfil it was punished with a fine [AEs UxoRIlaU]. cases an ex-senator was not disqualified by his
(b) The dissolution of matrimony or betrothment in ignominia for holding any of the magistracies which
an improper way, or for insufficient reasons. (Val. opened the way to the senate, he might at the next
Max. ii. 9. ~ 2.) (c) Improper conduct towards census again become a senator. (Cic. pro Clizent.
one's wife or children, as well as harshness or too 42, Pillt. Cic. 17.)
great indulgence towards children, and disobedi- 2. The adenzptio eiTe, or the taking away the
ence of the latter -towards their parents. (Plut. equus publicus from an eques. This punishment
Cat. Maj. 17; compare Cic. de Rep. iv. 6; Dionys. might likewise be simple, or combined with the exxx. 3.) (d) Inordinate and luxurious mode of clusion from the tribes and the degradation to the
living, or an extravagant expenditure of money. rank of an aerarian. (Liv. xxiv. 18, 43, xxvii.
A great many instances of this kind are recorded. 11, xxix. 37, xliii. 16.) [EQUITES.]
(Liv. Epit. 14, xxxix. 44; Plut. Cat. MAoaj. 18; 3. The tnotio e tribu, or the exclusion of a person
CGellius, iv. 8; Val. Max. ii. 9. ~ 4.) At a later from his tribe. This punishment and the degratime the leges sumtuariae were made to check the dation to the rank of an aerarian were originally
growing love of luxuries. (e) Neglect and care- the same; but when in the course of time a dislessness in cultivating one's fields. (Gell. iv. 12; tinction was made between the tribus rusticae anld
Plin. H. N. xviii. 3.) (f) Cruelty towards slaves the tribus urbanae, the motio e tribu transferred a
or clients. (Dionys. xx. 3.) (g) The carrying on person from the rustic tribes to the less respectable
of a disreputable trade or occupation (Dionys..1. c.), city tribes, and if the further degradation to the
such as acting in theatres. (Liv. vii. 2.) (i) Le- rank of an aerarian was combined with the motio
gacy-hunting, defrauding orphans, &c. e tribu, it was always expressly stated. (Liv. xlv.
2. Offences committed in public life, either in 15; Plin. Ii. N. xviii. 3.)
the capacity of a public officer or against magis- 4. The fourth punishment was called refeSrre is
trates. (a) If a magistrate acted in a manner not aerarios (Liv. xxiv. 18; Cic. pro Client. 43) or
befitting his dignity as an officer, if he was acces- facere aliquenz aeraliumn (Liv. xxiv. 43), and might
sible to bribes, or forged auspices. (Cic. de Senect.- be inflicted on any person who was thought by
12; Liv. xxxix. 42; Val. Max. ii. 9. ~ 3; Plut. the censors to deserve it. [fARARI.]3 This deCat. lkj. 17; Cic. de Divin. i. 16.) (6) Im- gradation, properly speaking, included all the
proper conduct towards a magistrate, or the attempt other punishments, for an eques could not be made
to limit his power or to abrogate a law which the an aerarius unless he was previously deprived of
censors thought necessary. (Liv. iv. 24; Cic. de his horse, nor could a member of a rustic tribe be
Orat. ii. 64; Val. Max. ii. 9. ~ 5; Gellius, iv. 20.) made an aerarius unless he was previously excluded
(c) Perjury. (Cic. de Off i. 13; Liv. xxiv. 18; from it. (Liv. iv. 24, xxiv. 18, &c.)
Gell. vii. 18.) (d) Neglect, disobedience, and A person who haid been branded with a nota
cowardice of soldiers in the army. (Val. Max. ii. 9. censoria, might, if he considered himself wronged,
~ 7; Liv. xxiv. 18, xxvii. 11.) (e) The keeping of endeavour to prove his innocence to the censors
the equus publicus in bad condition. [EQUITES.] (causasm aegere apezd censores, Varr. de Re /Rust. i.
3. A variety of actions or pursuits which were 7), and if he did not succeed, he might try to gain
thought to be injurious to public morality, might the protection of one of the censors, that he might
be forbidden by the censors by an edict (Gellius, intercede on his behalf.
xv. 11), and those who acted contrary to such III. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FINANCES
edicts were branded with the nota and degraded. OF THE STATE, was another part of the censors'
For an enumeration of the offences that might be office. In the first place the tr'ibutum1, or property -
punished by the censors with ignominia, see Nie- tax, had to be paid by each citizen according to the
buhr, llist. of Ronze, vol. ii. p. 399, &c. amount of his property registered in the census, and,
The punishments inflicted by the censors gene.- accordingly, the regulation of this tax naturally fell
rally differed according to the station which a man under the jurisdiction of the censors. (Comp. Liv.
occupied, though sometimes a person of the highest xxxix. 44) [TRIBnUTvU.] They also had the
rank might suffer all the punishments at once, by superintendence of all the other revenues of the
being degraded to the lowest class of citizens. But state, the vect ialia, such as the tithes paid for the
they are generally divided into four classes: — public lands, the salt works, the mines, the cus1. Motio or ejectio e senatu, or the exclusion of a toms, &c. [VECTIGALIA.] All these branches of
man from the number of senators. This punish- the revenue the censors were accustomed to let out