Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

262 CENSOR. CENSOR.
the emperors in future discharged the duties of I their value was to be estimated. Accordinll to
their office under the name of Plrefictc'a l1lorlrssz. these laws each citizen had to give an account of
Some of the emperors sometimes took the name of himself, of his family, and of his property upon
censor when they actually held a census of the oath, ex aninbi sentenutia. (Dionys. iv. 15; Liv.
Roman people, as was the case with Claudius, who xliii. 14.) First he had to give his full name
appointed the elder Vitellius as his colleague (Suet. (praenzonLen, no2en, and coqgnomen) and that of
Clsaed. 16; Tac. Anns. xii. 4, Hist. i. 9), and with his father, or if he were a freedman that of his
AVespasian, who likewise had a colleaigne in his son patron, and lie wa-s likewise obliged to state his
Titus. (Suet. VIesp. 8, Tit. 6.) Domitian assnmed age. Ie was then asked, Tit, ex animi tui sea?the title of censor pespet2us (Dion Cass. liii. 18), telati, uxorenisb lbaes? and if married he had to
but this example was not imitated by succeeding give the annme of his wife, and likewise the nlnmemperors. In the reign of Decins we find the ber, nlames,and ages of his children,if any. (Gell.
elder Valerian nominated to the censorship without iv. 20; Cic. de Orat. ii. 64; Tab. Heracl. 142
a colleague (Trebell. Pollio, Vales. 1, 2); and (68); Dig. 50. tit. 15. s. 3.) Single women (viducte)
towards the end of the fourth century it was pro- and orphans (orbi orbaeque), were represented by
posed to revive the censorship (Symnimch. iP. iv. their tutores; their names were entered in separate
29, v. 9), but this design was never carried into lists, and they were not included in the sum total
effect. of capita. (Comp. Liv. iii. 3, Eipit. 59.) After
The duties of the censors may be divided into a citizen had stated his name, age, family, &c., he
three classes, all of which were however closely then had to give an account of all his property, so
connected with one another: I. TJle Cenzses, or fitr as it was subject to the census. In making
register of the citizens and of their property, ili this statement lie was said cernsere or censeri, as a
which were included the lectio seosetus, and the deponent, " to value or estimate himself," or as a
rsecognitio equitlbm; II. The ReygimeSn lMorsiit; anld passive " to be valued or estimated:" the censor,
II. The acldmistration qf' t/ e fianessee of thee stcte, who received the statement, was also said censere,
under which were classed the superintendence of as well as acciqere censure. (Comp. Cic. pro Flacc.
the public buildings and the erection of all new 32; Liv. xxxix. 15.) Only such things were liable
public works. The original business of the censor- to the cenlsus (censuis censecolo) as were property
ship was at first of a much more limited kind; and ex jsure QuiritiZn. At first each citizen appears
was restricted alinost entirely to taking the census to have merely given the value of his whole pro(Liv. iv. 8); but the possession of this power perty ill general without entering into details
gradually brought with it fiesh power anid new (Dionys. iv. 15; Cic. Cle Leg. iii. 3; Festus, s. v.
duties, as is shown below. A general view of Censores); but it soon became the practice to give
these duties is briefly expressed in the following a minute specification of each article, as well as the
passage of Cicero (de Leg. iii. 3): -" Censores general value of the wholc. (Comp. Cic. pro Flacc.
populi aevitates, soboles, familias pecuniasque cen- 32; Gell. vii. 11; Plut. Cat. AlMaj. 18.) Land
sento: urbis temple, vias, aquas, aerarium, vecti- formed the most important article in the census
galia tuento: populique partes in tribus distri- but public land, the possessio of which only bebuunto: exin pecuilias, aevitates, ordines partianto: longed to a citizen, was excluded as not being
equitum, peditumque prolein l describunto: caelibes Quiritarian property. If we may judge from the
esse prohibento: mores populi regunto: probrum practice of the imperial period, it was the custom
in senatu -ne relinciqmmto." to give a most minute specification of all such land
i. THE C~EN'sus, the first and principal duty as a citizen held ex jirse Quzisiieiusz. I-e ];ad to
of the censors, for which the proper expression is state the name. and situation of the land, amid to
eensMsnn agere (Liv. iii. 3, 22, iv. 8), was always specify what portion of it was arable, what meadow,
held in the Camnipus nartins, and yfiom the year wshat vineyard, and what olive-ground: and to
B. c. 435 in a special building called Villa Pzublic, the land thus minutely described he had to affix
which was erected for that purpose by the second his own v-aluation. (Dig. 50. tit. 15. s. 4.) Slaves
pair of censors, C. Furius Pacilus and iI. Geganius and cattle formed the next most important item.
Macerinus. (Liv. iv. 22; Varr. R. R. iii. 2.) An The censors also possessed the right of calling for a
account of the formalities with which the census return of such objects as had not usually been given
svas opened is given in a fragment of the Tabzulae in, such as clothing, jewels, and carriages. (Liv.
Censoriae, preserved by Varro (L. L. vi. 86, 87, xxxix. 44; Plut. C/at. ic~ij. 18.) It has been
ed. Miiller). After the auspicia had been taken, doubted by some models writers whether the centhe citizens were summoned by a public crler sors possessed the power of setting a higher valu(praeco) to appear before the censors. Each tribe ation on the property thanl the citizens themselves
w-as called up separately (Dionys. -. 75); anad the had put; but when we recollect the discretionary
names in each tribe swere probably taken according nature of the censors' powers, and the necessity
to the lists previously made out by the tribunes of alhnost that existed, in order to prevent fraud, that
the tribes. Every paterfaamilias had to appear in the right of making a surcharge should be vested
person before the censors, who were seated in their in somebody's hands, we can hardly doubt that
curule chairs; and those names were takeln first the censors had this power. It is moreover exwvhich were considered to be of good omen, such pressly stated that on one occasion they made an
as Valerius, Salvius, Statorius,-&c. (Festus, s. v. extravagant surcharge on articles of luxury (Liv.
Lacus Luscrinszs; Schol. Bob. ad Cie. Ipo Scaur. xxxix. 44; Plut. Catt. AMUj. 18); and even if they
p. 374, ed. Orelli.) The census was conducted lad did not enter in their books the property of a person
arbitri?6m censoris; but the censors laid down cer- at a higher value than he returned it, they accoemtain rules (Liv. iv. 8, xxix. 15), sometimes called plished the same end by compelling him to pay
leges censui censendo (Liv. xliii. 14), in which down the tax upon the property at a higher rate
mention was made of the different kinds of pro- than others. The tax (tribiutuims) was usually one
perty subject to the census, and in what way per thousand upon the property entered in the books