Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CATENA. CAUPO. 2i7?
rings and ropes, before the gates of a city, in such platted wire or thread, like the gold chains now
a manner that, when the enemy had come up to manufactured at Venice. This is represented in
the gates, the portcullis might be let down so as to the lowest figure of the woodcut.
shut them in, and to enable the besieged to assail These valuable chains were sometimes given as
them from above. In the accompanying plan of rewalrds to the soldiers (Liv. xxxiv. 31); but they
the principal entrance to Pompeii, there are two were commonly worn by women (Hor. Ep. i. 17.
sideways for foot passengers, and a road between 55), either on the neck (crepl'by'pdX)Akov
them, fourteen feet wide, for carriages. The gates dXcalev, Menander, p. 92, ed. Mein.), or round
were placed at A, A, turning on pivots [CARDo ], the waist (Plin. tI. N. xxxiii. 12); and were used
as is proved by the holes in the pavement, which to suspend pearls, or jewels set in gold, keys,
still remain. This end of the road was nearest to lockets, and other trinkets. [J. Y.]
the town; in the opposite direction, the road led CATERVA'RII. [GLADIATORES.]
into the country. The portcullis was at B, B, -and CA'THEDRA, a seat; but the term was more
was made to slide in grooves cut in the walls. The particularly applied to the soft seats used by wosideways, secured with smaller gates, were roofed men, whereas sella signified a seat common to botlo
in, whereas the portion of the main road between sexes (isnter jfneineas catliedras, Mart. iii. 63, iv.
the gates (A, A) and the portcullis (B, B) was open 79; Hoer. Sat. i. 10. 91; Prop. iv. 5. 37). The
to the sky. When, therefore, an attack was cathcedrae were, no doubt, of various forms and
made, the assailants were either excluded by the sizes; but they usually appear to have had backs
portcullis; or, if they forced their way into the to them, as is the case in the one represented ii
barbican and attempted to break down the gates, the annexed woodcut, which is taken from Sir
the citizens, surrounding and attacking them from William Hamilton's work on Greek vases. On
above, had the greatest possible facilities for im- the cathedral is seated a bride, who is being fanned
peding and destroying them. Vegetius speaks of by a female slave with a fan made of peacock's
the "cataracta" as an ancient contrivance; and feathers.
it appears to have been employed by the Jews at
Jerusalem as early as the time of David. (Psal.
xxiv. 7, 9; comp. Jer. xx. 2. Sept.) [J. Y.]
KATASKOPES GRAPHE' (mcaracror~s
ypa q), an action brought against spies at Athens.
If a spy was discovered, he was placed on the
rack, in order to obtain information from him, and
afterwards put to death. (Antiphanes, ap. Atle-n. /
ii. p. 66, d.; Dem. De Cor. p. 272; Aeschin.
c. Ctesips. p. 616; Plut. Vit. dee. Orat. p. 848, a.) /
It appears that foreigners only were liable to this l
action; since citizens, whvllo were guilty of this
crime, were accused of 7rpooia. (I / A
CATASTA. [SERvUs.]
CATEIA, a missile used in war by the Germans, Gauls, and some of the Italian nations (Virg. /
Aesn. vii. 741; Val. Flac. vi. 83; Aul. Gell. x.
25), supposed to resemble the aclis. (Serv. in
Aen. 1. c.; Isid. Orig. xviii. 7.) It probably had
its name from cutting; and, if so, the Welsh terms (,Zl
caCti, a weapon, cateia, to cut or mangle, and
catau, to fight, are nearly allied to it. [J. Y.I
CATELLA. [CATENA.]
CATE'NA, dim. CATELLA (6xvais, dim.
avCaLeov, dXvel4ov), a chain. The chains which Women were also accustomed to be carried
were of superior value, either on account of the abroad in these cathedrae instead of in lecticae,
material or the workmanship, are commonly called which practice was sometimes adopted by effemi.
cuztelklce (isxmla), the diminutive expressing their nate persons of the other sex (sexta cerviceferatur
fineness and delicacy as well as their minuteness. catlsedmE, Juv. Sat. i. 65; compare ix. 51). The
The specimens of ancient chains which we have in word cathedra was also applied to the chair or
bronze lamps, in scales [LIBRA],and in ornaments pulpit from which lectures were read. (Juv. Sat.
for the person, especially necklaces [MoNILE], show vii. 203; Mart. i. 77.) Compare Bittiger, Sabina,
a great variety of elegant and ingenious patterns. vol. i. p. 35; Scheffer, De Re Vehicul. ii. 4.
Besides a plain circle or oval, the separate link is CATILLUS. [CATINUS.]
often shaped like the figure 8, or is a bar with a CATINUS, or CATINUM, a large dish, on
circle at each end, or assumes other forms, some of which fish and meat were served up at table.
Hence Horace speaks of an anzgustuspaetinsus as an
indication of niggardliness on the part of the host.
(Hor. Ep. ii. 4. 77; Pers. iii. 11.) From this
word came the diminutive catillus or catillum, a
small dish.
CAVAE'DIUM. [Domvs.]
CAVEA. [THEATRaUM.]
CAUPO. The nature of the business of a
which are here shown. The links are also found calupo is explained by Gaius (Ad Edict. Prov'iinc.
so closely entwined, that the chain resembles Dig. 4. tit. 9. s. 5): " caupo... mercedem accipit
S