Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

256 CATAPHRACTI. CATARACTA.
(TatzapXaL) repair to the commander-in-chief, from empire, when the discipline of the legions was de.
whom they receive the watchword (oc-r/eov) and strayed, and the chief dependence began to be
the general orders of the day, to be conveyed by placed on the cavalry.
them to their respective divisions. This species of troops was common among the
When a camp is broken up,.at the first blast of Persians from the earliest times, from whom it was
the trumpet the scldiers strike the tents, and pack adopted by their Macedonian conquerors. (Liv.
up the utensils; at the second they load the mules xxxv. 48; xxxvii. 40.) In the army of the elder
and other beasts of burden, set fire to every thing Cyrus, Xenophon (Cyr. vi. 4. ~ 1) says that the
which could prove serviceable to an enemy, and horses were protected by coverings for the forehead
stand like coursers ready to start forward on a and chest (7rpoueT'caorL8oLs tcal 7rpocvEpvrs8lr);
race; the third gives the last warning that all and the same was the case with the army of Artathings being now prepared every man must be in xerxes, when he fought with his younger brother.
his place. Then the herald, standing at the right (Xen. Anab. i. 8. ~ 7.) Troops of this description
hand of the general, demands thrice if they are were called clibanarii by the Persians (cataphractl
ready for war, to which they all respond with loud equites, quos clibanarios dictitant Persace, Amm.
and repeated cheers that they are ready, and for Marc. xvi. ] 0; compare.(amprid. Alex. Sev. 56)
the most part, being filled with martial ardour, We first read of cataphracti in the Roman army in
anticipate the question, and raise their right hands the time of Constantine. (Amm. Marc. 1. c.)
on high with a shout. (B. J. iii. 5. ~ 4.) [W. R.] 2. The word was also applied to ships -which
CATAGO'GIA (carTayy&ma). [ANAGOGIA.] had decks, in opposition to Aplhracti. [NAVIS.]
CATAGPRAPHA. [PIccTRA.] CATAPIRA/TER (caeraerelparspiea,,oA[r), the
CATAILOGUS (tcardAocyos), the catalogue of lead used in sounding (e'v' Bo$ohieSv), or fathomthose persons in Athens who were liable to regular ing the depth of water in navigation. The mode
military service. At Athens, those persons alone of employing this instrument appears to have unwho possessed a certain amount of property, were dergone no change for more than two thousand
allowed to serve in the regular infantry, whilst the years, and is described with exactness in the aclower class, the thetes, had not this privilege. Thus count of St. Paul's voyage and shipwreck at Methe former are called oi elc icarTax&you orpaTeuo'- lite. (Acts, xxvii. 28.) A cylindrical piece of
Tes, and the latter oi co r-o scaraa'6yov. (Xen. lead was attached to a long line, so as to admit of
Hell. ii. 3. ~ 20.) Those who were exempted by being thrown into the water in advance of the
their age from military service, are called by vessel, and to sink rapidly to the bottom, the linle
Demosthenes (De Synt. p. 167.) o VTrep rbv being marked with a knot at each fathom, to meacKaTrdXoyov.. It appears to have been the duty of sure the depth. (Isid. Orig. xix. 4; Eustath. in
the generals (o'rpaTryol) to make out the list of I. v. 396.) By smearing the bottom of the lead
persons liable to service [AsTRATEIAS GRAPHE], with tallow (unctnum, Lucilius, ap. Isid.. c.), spein which duty they were probably assisted by the cimens of the ground were brought up, showing
demarchi, and sometimes by the OovAevrTa. (Dem. whether it was clay (Herod. ii. 5), gravel, or hard
c. Polycl. p. 1208.) rock. [J. Y.]
CATALU'SEOS TOU DEMOU GRAPHE' CATAPULTA. [TORMENTUM.]
(carTaXasecEs'roi d8iUOv'ypcSb), was an action CATARACTA (KarapP'atKtrS ), a portcullis, so
brought against those persons who had altered, or called because it fell with great force and a loud
attempted to alter, the democratical form of go- noise. According to Vegetius (De e lifil. iv. 4),
vernment at Athens. A person was also liable to it waas an additional defence, suspended by iron
this action who held any public office in the state
after the democracy had been subverted. (Andoc.
ce Myst. p. 48.) This action is closely connected.....;.
with the 7rpo3oeaes ypaj (<r wrrpoSooiqa s W,
7roXiws, % l icrCaicOEl rTOD 6suyov, Demosth. i, l i/; > /\ 7,
c. Timocr. p. 748), with which it appears in some A >
cases to have been almost identical. The form of - --- / -.........
proceeding was the same in both cases, namely, by
Eica^y1yEXLa. In the case of CeaXAcvSCES TOD dipeou,, ". A
the punishment was death; the property of the loffendler was confiscated to the state, and a tenth.
part dedicated to Athena. (Andoc. Dc 11yst. <.
CATAPHLRA'CTI (ICaTCappaW;rTO). 1. HIea'vy-
armed cavalry, the horses of which were also covered with defensive armour (Servl. ad Vike. Aen.
xi. 771), whence they are called by Pollux (i. 140)
reppr'Eqpayjuevot. The armour of the horses consisted either of scale armour, or of plates of metal,.............-. \. ——.which had different names according to the parts of 4.
the body which they protected. Pollux (i. 140).
speaks of the'IrpoAeTCrcrMlovp, 7raprs', o r, rapi ev, Io
IrpoCrEs'P dov, irapaerAspss'ov, ora- Bs7pi3 Lcs, apa.cvsr'yUdov. Among many of the Eastern nations, A
who placed their chief dependence upon their
cavalry, we find horses protected in this manner....
but among the Romans we do not read of any'
troops of this description till the later times of the