Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CASTRA. CASTRA. 258
A clear space of 60 feet (intecrvaileun) was left praetorice queatuor Primipikares. E1rocat. ffObetween the tents of the legionaries and the ram- ciales. The praetorians were allowed twice as
parts, and they were separated from the quarters much space as the troops of the line. 8. Alae:
of the other troops, whom they surrounded, by a quingenariae quatzor. 9. In each of the spaces
street called the Via Sagularis, which ran cor- marked 9, on the extreme right and left of the
iletely round the camp, so that the whole of the Praetorium, bordering on the Via Sagularis (per
legionaries, with the exception of the first cohort rigorem vice sagularis) was placed the first coin each legion, and three ordinary cohorts for whom hort and the vexillarii of one legion. The first
there is not room in the outer ring, were bounded cohort and the vexillarii of the remaining legion
on one side by the intervallum and on the other will be found in the Praetentura. The first coby the Via Sacgularis. The remaining streets not hort of a legion contained 960 men, being twice as
particularly specified were comprehended under the numerous as the others; the vexillarii of a legion
general name Viae Vicinariae s. Vicinales, and amounted to about 500.
their breadth was 20 feet.
The defences of a camp might be fourfold:- 1. B. Praeientrcca.
FPossa. 2. Vclluom. 3. Cervoli. 4. Armnac. 10. Scannuem Legatoirum. The quarters of the
1. The Fossa might be of two kinds, a. The legati. 11. Scmcznnusn TribuZnosrns. Immediately
Fossafastigata, with both sides sloping, so as to behind the legati, were the legionary tribunes and
form a wedge; or, b. the Fossa Ptuica, of which the tribunes of the praetorian cohorts.
the outer side was perpendicular, the inner side In the language of surveyors, scatunzum was a recsloping, as in the fossa fastigata. The breadth in tangular figure, whose breadth exceeded its length,
either case was to be at least 5 feet, the depth striga a rectangular figure, whose length exceeded
3 feet. Outside of each gate a ditch was dug ex- its breadth. So, Signa and Tabulintl are the terms
tending on both sides somewhat beyond the gate: used with reference to the direction of the length
this, on account of its shortness, was called Titulus, and breadth respectively: thus, " Cohors prima
and in front of the titulus was a small semicircular causa signorum et aquilae intra viam sagulariam, et
redoubt (clavicuzla). quoniam duplum numerum habet, duplam pedatu2. The ValluEm was formed of earth and turf, or ram accipiet, ut, puta, signis pedes centsrs viginti,
of stone, 6 feet in height, 8 feet broad. tabulino pedes trecentos sexaginta, vel signis centzuc
3. When the nature of the ground did not octogintca tabulino pedes duccenIos q2uadragintca." It
admit of the construction of a sufficient vallum, is the more necessary to call attention to this, bethen a chevaux de frise (certoli) was substituted. cause these significations have been passed over
4. When neither a Vallum nor Cervoli could be by the best lexicographers, and we find that some
employed, then the camp was surrounded by a modern expounders of Hyginus imagine Ti'aulinum
ring of armed men four deep, numerous sentries to have been an office where the books and acwere posted in each line, and the cavalry patrolled counts of the legion were kept. Another example
iri turn in every direction. of the use of these words will be given below.
The words of Hyginus would lead us to sup- 12. Alae miliariae quazoer, one in each of these
pose that when no danger was apprehended, a four compartments. 13. TValeiudinarisnz, the hosditch alone was considered sufficient; and even pital for the sick soldiers. 14.- Veterinarizn,. the
this was excavated merely for the sake of exercis- hospital for the sick horses. 15, 16. Classici,
ing the men (cauzsa disciplinae). marines employed as pioneers. Mcauri equites:
We can now- proceed to point out in what sexcenti. Pannonii Terederii octio2yenti. These
manner the three segments were occupied, refer- twvo bodies of light cavalry were quartered near
ring to the numbers on the figure, it being under- the classici, because, when the latter were sent in
stood that, as before, we shall not enter here into advance to clear the way, they were guarded by
any discussions regarding the origin and character the formner. 17. Expsloratores. General Roy in his
of the different battalions named, all information plan places them in these two small compartments,
upon such matters being given in the article Ex- but it appears more probable from the words of
ERCITUS. Hyginus, that they were quartered all together
on the side next to 19. 18 and 19. The first
A. Psaeteosissn et Latera IPreetosii. cohort of the remaining legion and its Vexillarii.
1. Praetois7ne. 2. Arae, on which public sa-. On the opposite side of the Via Praetoria, three
crifice was offered. The position assigned to them legionary cohorts, for whom there was not sufficient
is conjectural; but they were, at all events, in the space outside of the Via Sagularis.
immediate vicinity of this spot. 3. AGturatiorisz s7 In the Praetentura stood also the Feabrica or
in which the Imperator tookl the auspices - the workshop of the carpenters and armourers, erected
altars were perhaps erected in front of this place, at a distance from the Valetudinarium, so that
at least such was the case sometimes. (See Tacit. the noise might not disturb the patients.
Ann. xv. 30, where the form Auzgurale is em- Within the scamnum of the legati were the
ployed.) 4. Tribunal, the elevated platform from Sclholae of the first cohorts, the places apparently
which addresses were delivered to the troops. where the superior officers of the legions assembled
Close to the praetorium was a guardhouse (startioni in order to receive thie general orders of the day.
dari oportet secundu poraetorimzs pedes vigintti).
5. Comites Imperatoris, the personal staff of the
TImperator, among whom the chief place, next to 20. Quaestoriuno. This space corresponded in
the Via Principalis, was assigned to the Praefectus name only with the Quaestorium of the Polybian
Praeterio. 6. -Equzites singqulares Imnperatoris et camp, for it was no longer assigned to a quaestor
Equites Praetorieani: the number of these was (Quaestoriiumn dicitus quod aliquando ibi quaestores
variable; but Hyginus gives as an average 450 pedlaturamss acceperint). It was occupied partly by
of the former and 400 -of the latter. 7. Coe'loles prisoners of rank, hostages, and plu)nder, and here