Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

248 CASTRA. CASTRA.
and left of the space allotted to the general, was as- over many important points on which we should
signed on one side to a forum, and on the other, to desire information, and that occasionally his lanthe quaestor and his department (tC -e'rC/alta, iKal guage is not entirely free from ambiguity.
rass ac/sa ToV'rT Xop71YiraL). These are marked 7 Under the head of omissions, we must note -
and 8, but we are not told on which side they re- 1. The absence of all information with regard
spectively stood. to the manner in which the Velites were disposed
Still further to the right and left of the praeto- of. These, at the time when Polybius wrote,
rium in 9, 10, and 9', 10', looking respectively to- amounted to 1200, or, at the lowest computation,
wards the forum and the quaestorium, were a to 1000 for each legion; and taking the same
body of cavalry, selected from the extraordinarii number for the contingent of the Socii, we shall
equites (oi Cov El7 rLXAEKTcW V r7rErov &ardXIeCo0t), and thus have a body of at least 4000 men unprovided
a body of cavalry serving as volunteers out of com- for. It is true that he subsequently states, in a
pliment to the general (Kcai rtIes crV'edEovT7r'o'rl passage which we quote below, that the velites
rrpaTrvoeoEv C71' T r',7rdowi XdCPLrT), analogous, kept guard by night and by day along the whole
probably, to the El'ocati of later times. Back to extent of the rampart, and that they were stationed
back with these, looking towards the rampart, in in bodies of ten to watch the gates. Hence some
11, 12 and 11' 12', were quartered the foot-soldiers have supposed that the light-armed troops always
belonging to the same classes as the cavalry just bivouacked outside the camp; others, that they
named. On the march, these troops were always occupied the intervallum; others, that, just as in
near the person of the consul and of the quaestor, the line of battle, they did not form a distinct
and served as a sort of body-guard to them. Their corps, but were distributed among the hastati,
number is nowhere specified, and hence the exact principes, and triarii, according to a given ratio, so
space required for their accommodation cannot be -in like manner they were, in the camp, quartered
determined. along with those divisions to which they were atIn -13 and 13', looking towards the quaestorium, tached in the field. The velites ceased to form
praetorium, and forum, were quartered the re- a portion of the legion about the time of Marius,
mainder of the. extraordinarii equites. Back to and consequently the later Roman writers throw no
back with these, facing the'ramparts in 14 and 14', light upon the question. It is remarkable, also,
were the remainder of the extraordinarii:pedites. that while Polybius passes them over completely in
The spaces marked 15, 15' on the flanks of 13, 14, the internal arrangements of his camp, so also he
13', 14', were assigned to foreign troops or to allies takes no notice whatsoever of them when describing
not included in the regular contingent, who might the agmenz or the order of narch in which an army
chance to be present (Tros &XXocspXois Kail'ros ils usually advanced.
-To Kicapos 7rpooyLyO/tlEoo s ouVtUctaXoIS). 2. No mention is made of the legati. Lipsius,
The form of the camp was an exact square (r'rpd- in his plan of a Roman camp after Polybius, assigns'ycouov itodrXevpov), the length of each side being to them a compartment next to the praetorium on
2017 Roman feet. the side opposite to that where the quaestorium
The clear space between the ramparts and the stood; but this is merely a conjecture.
tents (intervallzum) was 200 feet, and this was of 3. The praefjcti sociorusm likewise are passed
the greatest service in facilitating the marching in over. Since they corresponded among the troops
and out of the soldiers without crowding or eonfu- of the allies to the tribuni in the legions, it seems
sion. Here, also, cattle and other booty were kept highly probable that their tents were ranged along
and guarded; and the breadth was sufficient to a prolongation of the line on which the latter stood,
prevent any ordinary missile or fire-brand hubled and thus they also would be placed immediately
into the camp from doing serious injury. opposite to and looking towards the soldiers under
The principal street, stretching right across in their immediate command.
front of the tents of the tribunes, was 100 feet 4. The number of tents allowed to. each maniple
wvide and was named Principia. It will be ob- or century is nowhere stated, and consequently
served that the lengthened lines of the ten turmae the number of men in each tent is unknown, nor
and.nanipuli in each division is intersected at the are we very distinctly told how the centurions and
termination of the first five by a road fifty feet other officers of the infantry and cavalry inferior to
wide, called the Via Quintana.! The position of the tribunes were provided for; it is merely said
the remaining five viae in the fore-part of the that the TratLapxot in each maniple took the first
camp, all of which intersect the Via Quintana at tents on each side, that is, probably, at each end
right angles, will be understood at once by in- of the row which held one maniple.
specting the plan, the width of each being 50 feet. 5. With regard to the fortifications of the camp
When two consular armies encamped together it is stated that the digging of the ditch ('rappela)
within-the same rampart, two ordinary camps were, and the formation of the, rampart (Xapatosroita)
it may be said, applied to each other at the ends upon two sides of the camp was assigned to the
nearest to their respective praetoria.' The two prae- socii, each division taking that side along which it
toria faced in opposite directions, and the legions of was quartered; while the two remaining sides
the two consuls stretched their lines in' front of were in like manner completed by the legionaries,
each praetorlum, so that the figure of the camp was one by each legion. The work upon each side
now no longer a square, but a rectangle, whose was portioned out among the maniples, the cenlength was twice that of an ordinary camp, the turions acted as inspectors of the tasks performed
breadth being the same. by their respective companies, and the general
Although the words of Polybius are, as a whole, superintendence was undertaken by two of the
so full and clear that we can have little difficulty tribunes. The nature and the dimensions of the
in forming a distinct conception of the camp which defences are not, however, specified. These conle describes and in delineating the differenit parts, it sisted of a ditch (fossa), the earth from which was
must not be concealed that he has altogether passed thrown inwards, and formed, along with turf and