Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

240 CARCER. CARCER.
A judicium capitale, or poena capitalis, was one p. 339, &c.) Again, persons who had been mulcted
which affected a citizen's caput. The subject of in penalties might be confined till they had paid
the Capitis deminutio is fully discussed by Becker, them. (Dem. c. Mlfid. p. 529. 26.) The irlauoi
Jlandbucl dcer R]?S72ischen Al.terthsumuer, vol. ii. also, if they exercised the rights of citizenship)
p. 1 00; and by Savigny, System,, &c. vol. ii. p. 68, were subject to the same consequences. (IDenl.
&c. [G. L.] c. Timlocr. p. 732. 17.) Moreover, we read of a
CAPUT. [FENuS.1 6eao-/us for theft; but this was a orpogoT-l'l,nta, or
CAPUT EXTORUM. The Roman sooth- additional penalty, the infliction of which was at
sayers (lharutspices) pretended to a knowledge of the option of the court which tried the case; and
coming events from the inspection of the entrails of the 8eioe's itself was not an imprisonment, but a.victims slain for that purpose. The part to which public exposure in the 7roolicdKciV, or stocks, for
they especially directed their attention was the five days and nights - the Tb fv uk, aet&rtucr.
liver, the convex supper portion of which seems to Still the idea of imprisonment per se, as a punish.
have been called the ccput extolrumn. (Plin. II. N. xi. ment, was not strange to the Athenians.'Thus we
37. s. 73.) Any disease or deficiency in this organ find that Plato (Let. x. p. 903) proposes to have three
was considered an unfavourable omen; whereas, prisons: one of these was to be a ocOwpporIo'Toiplov,
if healthy and perfect, it was believed to indicate or penitentiary, and another a place of punishment
good fortune. The haruspices divided it into two - a sort of penal settlement away from the city.
parts, one calledf7miliairis, the other hoslilis: from The prisons in different countries were called by
the former, they foretold the fate of friends; from different names: thus there was the'Aayccalov,
the latter, that of enemies. Thus we read (Liv. in Boeotia; the K epacos, at Cyprus; the K&cs, at
viii. 9), that the head of the liver was mutilated Corinth; and, amongst the Ionians, the 7yopypaC,,
by the knife of the operator on the " familiar"' as at Samos. (Herod. iii. 145; Pollux, ix. 45.)
part (capitt jecin2oris a familiari paorte caesuza), The prison at Athens was in former times called
which was alwvays a bad sign. But the word 6obalzcorc7piov, and afterwards, by a sort of euplleccaput " here seems of doubtful application; for it mism, ei'cc1/ca. It was chiefly used as a guard-house,
mlay designate either the convex upper part of the or place of execution, and was under the charge of
liver, or one of the prominences of the various lobes the public officers called the eleven, o, iv3Eca.
which form its lower and irregularly concave part. One gate in the prison, through which the conIt is, however, more obvious and natural to under- demned were led to- execution, was called rb
stand by it the upper part, which is formed of two Xapcowveiov. (Pollux, viii. 103; Walchsmuth, 1Tlcl.
prominences, called the great and small, or right AltesrthuMzsk. vol. ii. pp. 141, 201, 2d ed.)
and left lobes. If no caput was found, it was a The Attic expression for imprisonment was aei,.
bad sign (nilail tristiSs acciderepotuit); if well de- Thus in the oath of the BovAevTai, or senators,
fined or double, it was a lucky omen. (Cic. De occurs the phrase obdE 8coow'A077vaiwv oibava.
Div. ii. 12, 13; Liv. xxvii. 26.) [R. W.] Hence we have the phrase 6ieo'lsos upvXrKsC (Thuc.
CARACALLA was an outer garment used in iii. 34), the I"libera custodia " of the Romans, sigGaul, and not unlike the Roman lacerna. [LA- nifying that a party was under strict surveillance
CEarNA.] It was first introduced at Rome by the and guard, though not confined within a prison.
emperor Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, who com- 2. RoMiAN. —A carcer, or prison, was first built
pelled all the people who came to court to wear it, at Rome by Anlcus MXlartius, overhanging the
whence he obtained the surname of Caracalla. forum. (Liv. i. 33.) This was enlarged by
(Aurel. Vict. Epit. 21.) This garment, as worn Servius Tullius, who added to it a souterrain, or
in Gaul, does not appear to have reached lower dungeon, called fiom him the Tullianum. Salluist
than the knee, but Caracalla lengthened it so as to (Cat. 55) describes this as being twelve feet under
reach the ankle. It afterwards became common ground, walled on each side, and arched over with
among the Romans, and garments of this kind stone work. For a long time this was the only
were called caracallae Antonianae, to distinguish prison at Rome (Juv. Sat. iii. 312), being, in fact,
them from the Gallic caracallae. (Aurel. Vict. De the "CTower," or state prison of the city, which
Caes. 21; Spartian. Sev. 21, Anton. Car. 9.) It was sometimes doubly guarded in times of alarm,
usually had a hood to it, and came to be worn by and was the chief object of attack in many conthe clergy. Jerome (Ep. 128) speaks of palliolums spiracies. (Liv. xxvi. 27, xxxii. 26.) Varro
soirae pulclorit2udiisis in z72odru caracallarum sed (L. L. v. 151, ed. Miller) tells us that the Tillabsqoue cucullis. lianum was also named " Lautumiae," from some
CARBA'TINA. [PERO.] quarries in the neighbourhood; or, as others think
CARICER (kerker, German;'yopTyspa, Greek), in allusion to the'" Lautumiae " of Syracuse, a
a prison. This word is connected with Epior and prison cut out of the solid rock. In later times
E'ipywV, the guttural being interchanged with the the whole building was called the " Mamertine."
aspirate. Close to it were the Scalae Gemoniae or steps,
1. GtREEi. — Imprisonment was seldom uised down which the bodies of those who had been
among the Greeks as a legal punishment for execulted were thrown into the Forum, to be exoffences; they preferred banishment to the expense posed to the gaze of the Roman populace. (Craner,
of keeping prisoners in confinement. WVe do, in- Aoocient Iahly, vol. i. p. 430.) There were, howdeed, find some cases in which it was sanctioned ever, other prisons besides this, though, as we
by lawy; but these are not altogether instances of might expect, the words of Roman historians geneits being used as a punishment. Thus the farmers rally refer to this alone. One of these was built by
of the duties, and their bondsmen, were liable to Appius Claudius, the decemvir, and in it he was
imprisonment if the duties were not paid by a himself put to death. (Liv. iii. 57; Plin. II. N.
specified time; but the object of this was to pre- vii. 36.)
vent the escape of defaulters, and to insure regu- The career of which we are treating, was chiefly
larity of pynmenSt. (Bvckhb, Publ. E,:on. ofs Altels, used as a place of clnfinemamlt for persons under