Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CAMARA. CANATHRON 235
known whern this lex was passed, nor what were its xvi. 36. s. 64.) Under the emperors camarae were
penalties. It appears from Cicero (Pro Sext. formed with plates of glass (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 25.
Rose. Atmerino, c. 20), that the false accuser might s. 64); sometimes also the beams were gilt, and
be branded on the forehead with the letter K, the the ceiling between them was made of ivory.
initial of Kalumnia; and it has been conjectured, (Propert. iii. 2. 10.)
though it is a mere conjecture, that this punish- 2. Small boats used in early times by the people
ment was inflicted by the lex Remmia. who inhabited the shores of the Euxine and the
The punishment for calumnia was also exsilium, Bosporus, and called Kca/dpat, from their having
relegatio in insulam, or loss of rank (ordisis anzis- a broad arched deck. They were made with both
sio); but probably only in criminal cases, or in ends alike so as to work in either direction without
matters relating to a man's civil condition. (Paulus, turning; and were put together without iron. They
Sentent. Recept. v. 1. 5, v. 4. 11.) continued in use until the age of Tacitus, by whom
In the case of actiones, the calumnia of the actor their construction and uses are described. (Strab.
was checked by the calumniae judicium, the judi- xi. p. 495; Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 700; Aul.
cium contrarium, the jusjurandlmn calumniae, and Gell. x. 25; Tac. Hist. iii. 47. Respecting the
the restipulatio; which are particularly described other uses of the word see Seiler and Jacobitz,
by Gaius (iv. 174-181). The defendant might Handwiirterbzlch d. Griechl. psrackle.) [P. S.]
in all cases avail himself of the calumniae judicium, CAMILLI, CAMILLAE, boys and girls, emby which the plaintiff, if he was found to be guilty ployed in the religious rites and ceremonies of the
of calumnia, was mulcted to the defendant in the. Romans. They were required to be perfect in
tenth part of the value of the object-matter of the form, and sound in health, free born, and with
suit. But the actor was not mulcted in this action, both their parents alive; or, in other words, acunless it was shown that he brought his suit with- cording to the expression of the Romans, peri seu
out foundation, knowingly and designedly. In the puellae isngezoui, felicissimni, peatrisi snatrimsique.
contrarium judiciurn, of which the defendant could The origin of these words gave rise to various
only avail himself in certain cases, the rectitude of opinions among the ancients. Dionysius supposed
the plaintiff's purpose did not save him from the them to correspond to the ica;uAxo, among the
penalty. Instead of adopting either of these modes Curetes and Corybantes; others connected them
of proceeding, the defendant might require the with Cadmilus or Casmilus, one of the Samothraplaintiff to take the oath of calmnia, which was cian Cabeiri; but we know nothing certain on the
to the effect, Se non cals!mniae causa acgere. In some matter. Respecting the employment of the Camilcases the defendant also was required by the hts at Roman marriages, see M/vATRItMONIUaM.
praetor to swear that he did not dispute the (Dionys. ii. 21, 22; Varr. L. L. vii. 34, ed. Miilplaintiff's claim, calumniae causa. Generally speak- ler; Macrob. Sat. iii. 8; Serv. ad Yisq. Aen. xi.
ing, if the plaintiff put the defendant to his oath 543; Festus, s. vv. Camnillzus, unera, Flnaminius
(jusjlszrandum ei deferebat), the defendant might Camills; Ilartung, Die Religion der.Rlmer, vol. i.
put the plaintiff to his oath of calumny. (Dig. 12. p. 157, vol. ii. p. 71.)
tit. 2. s. 37.) In some actions, the oath of ca- CA'MPAGUS, a kind of shoe worn by the later
lumny on the part of the plaintiff was a necessary Roman emperors. (Trebell. Poll. Gallien. 16, with
preliminary to the action. In all judicia publica, the note of Salmasius.)
it seems that the oath of calunnia was required CAMI'NUS. [DoMus]
from the accuser. CAMPESTRE (sc. subligacr) was a kind of girdle
If the restipulationis poena was required from or apron, which the Roman youths wore around
the actor, the defendant could not have the benefit their loins, when they exercised naked in the
oftthecalumniae judiciumn, or of the oath of calumny; Campus TMartius (Augustin. De Civ. Dei, xiv. 17).
and the judicium contrarium was not applicable to The campestre was sometimes worn in warm wedsuch cases. ther in place of the tunic under the toga (campestri
The edict De Calumniatoribus (Dig. 3. tit. 6.) sub toga cinctus, Ascon. ad Cic. pro Scauro, p. 30.
applied generally to those who received money, ed. Orell.; Hor. Ep. i. 11. 18.)
calumniae causa, for doing an act or abstaining CAMPIDOCTO'RES were persons who taught
from doing an act. The edict applied as well to soldiers their exercises. (Veget. i. 13.) In the
publica crimina as to pecuniariae causae; for in- times of the republic this duty was discharged by
stance in the matter of repetundae the edict ap- a centurion, or veteran soldier of merit and distincplied to him who for calumnia received money tion. (Comp. Plin. Pan. 13.)
on the terms of prosecuting or not prosecuting a CA'NABUS (irdvaGos), was a figure of wood
person. This edict provided for some cases, as in the form of a skeleton, round which the clay or
threats of procedure against a man to extort plaster was laid in forming models. Figures of
money, which were not within the cases provided a similar kind, formed to display the muscles and
for by the edict, Quod metus causa (Dig. 4. veins, were studied by painters in order to acquire
tit. 2.) [G. L.] some knowledge of anatomy. (Arist. Hist. Anias.
CA'MARA (xaladpa), or CAMERA, properly iii. 5, De Gen.?Anime. ii. 6; Pollux, vii; 164, x.
signifies any arched or vaulted covering, and any 189; Suid. and Hlesych. s. v.; Miiller, ArclAol.
thing with such a covering: Herodotus, for in- der Ktunst, ~ 305. n. 7.)
stance, calls a covered carriage cdzIapa (i. 199). CANA'LIS, and- the diminutive Canaliculus,
It is chiefly used in the two following senses:- which signify a vwater-pipe or gutter, are used also
1. An arched or vaulted ceiling formed by semi- in architecture for any channel, such as the flutings
circular bands or beams of wood, over the intervals of a column, and the channel between the volutes
of which a coating of lath and plaster was spread, of an Ionic capital (Vitruv. x. 14, iii. 3). [P. S.]
resembling in construction the hooped awnings in CANATHRON (tc&YaBpov), a carriage, the upuse amongst us. (Vitnrv. vii. 3; Sall. Cat. 58; per part of which was made of basket-work, or
Cice ad Q. r5'. iii. 1. ~ 1; comp. Plin. H. N. more properly the basket itself, which was fixed in