Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

234 CALLISTET A. CALUMNIA.
rions, it was not worn by the superior officers. naeus (I. c.; compare Eitymol. nragn. s. v.) as ocr;Hence the common soldiers, including centurions, curring among the Eleans in honour of Athena.
were distinguished by the name of caligati (Suet. The fairest man received as prize a suit of armour
A ug. 25, Vitell. 7); when Cicero therefore says of which he dedicated to Athena, and was adorned
Pompey "mihi caligae ejus non placebant" (Ad by his friends with ribbons and a myrtle wreath,
Att. ii. 3), he merely uses the words to indicate and accompanied to the temple. From the words
his military power. Service in the ranks was also of Athenaeus (xiii. p. 610), who, in speaking of
designated after this article of attire. Thus Marius these contests of beauty, mentions Tenedos along
was said to have risen to the consulship a caliga, with Lesbos, we must infer that in the former
i. e. from the ranks (Sen. De Benef: v. 16), and island also Callisteia were celebrated. [L. S.]
Ventidius juventanz inopea in calicas militari to/e- CALO'NES, the servants of the Roman solsasse (Plin H. V. vii. 44). The Emperor Caligula diers, said to have been so called from carrying
received that cognomen when a boy, in conse- wood (arcat) for their use. (Festus, s. v.; Serv.
quence of wearing the caliga, which his father Ger- ad Visg. Aen. vi. 1.) They are generally supposed
manicus put on his son in order to please the sol- to have been slaves, and they almost formed a part
diers. (Tacit. Ann. i. 41; Suet. Calig. 9.) The of the armnny, as we may learn from many passages
triumphal monuments of Rome show most dis- in Caesar: in fact, we are told by Josephus that,
tinctly the difference between the caliga of the from always living with the soldiers and being
common soldier [ARMrA] and the calceus worn by present at their exercises, they were inferior to
men of higher rank. [ABOLLA; ARA.] The them alone in skill and valour. The word calo,
sole of the caliga was thickly studded with hob. however, was not confined to this signification, but
nails (clavi caligarii, Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 41, was also applied to farm-servants, instances of which
ix. 18; Juv. Sat. iii. 232, xvi. 25). usage are found in Horace (E2pist. i. 14. 42;
The crliga specul/acorias (Suet. Calig. 52), made Sat. i. 6. 103).
for the use of spies (speczdatores), was probably In Caesar this term is generally found by itself;
much lighter. than the ordinary shoe worn by the in Tacitus it is coupled and made almost identisoldiers. [J. Y.] cal with lixa. Still the calones and lixae were not
CALIX (tcvAxt, comp. Macrob. Sat. v. 21). the same: the latter, in fact, were freemen, who
1. A small drinking-cup, constantly used at sym- merelyfollowed the camp for the purposes of gain
posia and on similar occasions. It is frequently and merchandise, and were so far from being inseen in paintings on ancient vases which represent dispensable to an army, that they were sometimes
drinking-scenes, and when empty is usually held forbidden to follow it (ane lixcae sequerentur exerupright by one of its handles, as shown in the cut cituma, Sall. Bell. Jugz. 45). Thus again we read
under SYMrPosIvur. (Xen. Sym7p. ii. 26; Cic. of the lixane melrcatoresque, qui plaustris merces porTasc. iii. 19; Hor. Seran. ii. 8. 35, &c.) 2. A tabant (Hirtius, De Bell. Afr. 75), words which
vessel used in cooking (Varr. L. L. v. 127, ed. plainly show that the lixae were traders and
Muller; Ov. Fast. v. 509.) 3. A tube in the dealers. Livy also (v. 8) speaks of them as
aquaeducts attached to the extremity of each pipe, carrying on business. The term itself is supposed
where it entered the castellum. [AvUAEDUCTUS, to be connected with lixa, an old word signifying
p. 115, a.] water, inasmuch as the lixae supplied this article
CALLIS, a beaten path or track made by the to the soldiers: since, however, they probably
feet of cattle. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. iv. 405; Isidor. furnished ready-cooked provisions (elixos cibos), it
Orig. xv. 16. ~ 20.) The sheep-walks in the seems not unlikely that theirs appellation may have
mountainous parts of Campania and Apulia were the some allusion to this circumstance. (See Sall.
property of the Roman state; and as they were of 1. c.) [R. W.]
considerable value, one of the quaestors usually CALU'MNIA. Calumniari is defined by
had these calles assigned to him as his province, Marcian (Dig. 48. tit. 16. s. 1), Falsa crimina inwhence we read of the Calli/zs proveincia. His tendere; a definition which, as there given, was
principal duties were to receive the scriptura, or only intended to apply to criminal matters. The
tax paid for the pasturage of the cattle, and to definition of Paulus (Setea2t. Recept. i. tit. 5) approtect life and property in these wild and moun- plies to matters both criminal and civil: CGalznnaitainous districts. When the senate wished to put osus est qui sciens pruclensque per fraudent negotiu/n
a slight upon the consuls on one occasion they en- aClicuZi conparat. Cicero (de OJ i. 10) speaks of
deavoured to assign to them as their provinces, " calumnia," and of the niszis callida et snalitiosa
the care of the woods (silvae) and sheep-walks juris inlterpretatio, as things related. Gaius says,
(cal/es). (Tac. Ann. iv. 27; Suet. Caes. 19, Calu/mnio a i/n actlfet est, sicutfurti crimszen; the
Claud. 29; in the last passage the reading is criminality was to be determined by the intention.
doubtful.) When an accuser failed in his proof, and the
CALLISTEIA (rcaXAXr'Tea), a festival, or per- reus was acquitted, there might be an inquiry into
haps merely a part of one, held by the women of the conduct and motives of the accuser. If the perLesbos; at which they assembled in the sane- son who made this judicial inquiry (qei cognovit),
tuary of Hera, and the fairest received the prize of found that the accuser had merely acted from error
beauty. (Schol. ad II. ix. 128; Suidas, s. v.; of judgment, he acqluitted him in the form nonaproAntholog. Pal. ix. 189; Athen. xiii. p. 610.) basti; if he convicted him of evil intention, he deA similar contest of beauty, instituted by Cyp- dared his sentence in the words calumniatus es,
selus, formed a part of a festival celebrated by the which sentence was followed by the legal punishParrhasians in Arcadia, in honour of the Eleusi- ment.
nian Demeter. The women taking part in it were According to Marcian, the punishment for cacalled Xpuroasdpot. (Athen. xiii. p. 609.) lumnia was fixed by the lex Remmia, or, as it is
A third contest of the saine kind, in which, sometimes, perhaps incorrectly, named, the lex
however, men only partook, is mentioned by Athe- MelImia. (Val. Max. iii. 7. ~ 9.) But it is not