Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CALIDA. CALIGA. 233
The Fasti of Caesar have not come down to us with the ancients, and could always be procured at
in their entire form. Such fragments as exist may certain shops or taverns, called thersmopolia (Plant.
be seen in Gruter's Inscriptiones, or more com- Cur. ii. 3. 13, Trin. iv. 3. 6, Rud. ii. 6. 45), which
pletely in Foggini's work, Fastorum Ansni Rosmani Claudius commanded to be closed at one period. Reliqusiae. See also some papers by Ideler in of his reign (Dion Cass. lx. 6). The vessels, in
the Berlin Transactions for 1822 and 1823. which the wine and water were kept hot, appear to
Tlie Greyorian Year. -The Julian calendar sup- have been of a very elegant form, and not unlike
poses the mean tropical year to be 365d. 6h.; but our tea-urns both in appearance and construction.
this, as we have already seen, exceeds the real A representation of one of these vessels is given in
amount hy 11' 12", the accumulation of which, the Museo Borbonico (vol. iii. pl. 63), from which
year after year, caused at last considerable incon- the following woodcut is talken. In the middle
venience. Accordingly, in the year, 1582, Pope of the vessel there is a small cylindrical ftrnace,
Gregory the XIII., assisted by Aloysius, Lilius, in which the wood or charcoal was kept for
Christoph. Clavius, Petrus Ciaconius, and others, heating the water; and at the bottom of this
again reformed the calendar. The ten days by furnace, there are four small holes for the ashes
which the year had been unduly retarded were to fall through. On the right halld side of the
struck out by a regulation that the day after the vessel there is a kind of cup, communicating with
fourth of October in that year should be called the the part surrounding the furnace, by which the
fifteenth; and it was ordered that, whereas hitherto vessel might be filled without taking off the lid;
an intercalary day had been inserted every four and on the left hand side there is in about the
years, for the future three such intercalations in middle a tube with a cock for drawing off the
the course of four hundred years should be omitted, liquid. Beneath the conical cover, and on a level
viz., in those years which are divisible without with the rim of the vessel, there is a moveable flat
remainder by 100, but not by 400. Thus, accord- cover, with a hole in the middle, which closes the
ing to the Julian calendar, the years, 1600, 1700, whole urn except the mouth of the small furnace.
1800, 1900, and 2000 were to have been bissextile; Though there can be no doubt that this vessel
but, by the regulation of Gregory, the years 1700, was used for the purpose which has been mentioned,
1800, and 1900, were to receive no intercalation,
while the years 1600 and 2000 were to be bissextile,
as before. The bull which effected this change, was
issued Feb. 24, 1582. The fullest account of this A
correction is to be found in the work of Clavius,
entitled Rom7ani Calendarii a Gregorio XIII. P. /11.
restituzti E plicatio. As the Gregorian calendar has
only 97 leap-years in a period of 400 years, the
mean Gregorian year is (303 x 365 + 97 x 366) 1 f">i\
-:400, that is 365d. Sh. 49' 12", or only 24",
more than the mean tropical year. This difference
in 60 years would amount to 24', and in 60 times...
60, or 3600 years, to 24 lhours, or a day. Hence f-2 -
the French astrolnomer, Delambre, has proposed
that the years 3600, 7200, 10,800, and all multipies of 3600 should not be leap years. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in the greater part
of Italy, as well as in Spain and Portugal, on the
day named in the bull. In France, two months
after, by an edict of Henry III., the 9th of December was followed by the 20th. The Catholic
parts of Switzerland, Germany, and the Lowv
Countries, adopted the correction in 1583, Poland
in 1586, Hungary in 1587. The Protestant parts
of Europe resisted what they called a Papistical invention for more than a century. At last, in 1700,
Protestant Germany, as well as Denmark and Hol- j
land, allowed reason to prevail over prejudice; and
the Protestant cantons of Switzerland copied their
example the following year.
In England the Gregorian calendar was first
adopted in 1752, and in Sweden in 1753. In it is difficult to determine its Latin name but it
Russia, and those countries which belong to the was probably called authepsa [AUT-IEPSA.j PoIGreek church, the Julian year, or old style as it is lux (x. 66) mentions several names which were
called, still prevails. applied to the vessels used for heating water, of
In this article free use has been made of Ideler's which the'r7roXe~~s, which also occurs in Lucian
work Lelbsuchl der COlronolopie. For other inform- (Lexiph. 8), appears to answer best to the vessel
at-ion connected with the Roman measurement of which has been described above. (BMttiger, Sabitime, see ASTaoNoMIAi; DIES; HOROLOGIUnM; zna, vol. ii. p. 34; Becker, Gcallus, vol. ii. p. 175.)
LUSTRUsT;- NUNDINAE; SAECULUsI. [T.H. K.] CALIENDRUM, a peruque or wig, mentioned
CA'LIDA, or CALDA, the warm drink of the by Horace. (Serrm. i. 8. 48.)
Geeeks and Romans, which consisted of warm CA'LIGA, a strong and heavy shoe worn by
water mixed with wine, with the addition probably the Roman soldiers. Although the use of this
of spices. This was avery favourite kind of drink species of calceamentum extended to the centu