Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CALCEUS. CALCEUS. 221
any thing adapted to cover and preserve the feet in ties or bands, or by a covering for the toes or the
wvallking. The use of shoes was by no means uni- instep [SOLEA; CREPIDA; SANDALIUM; Socversal among the Greeks and Romans. The cus]; and those which ascended higher and higher,
Homeric heroes are represented without shoes according as they covered the ankles, the calf, or
when armed for battle. According to the institu- the whole of the leg. To calceamenta of the latter
tions of Lycurgus, the young Spartans were brought kind, i. e. to shoes and boots as distinguished from
up without wearing shoes (avovrorle[a, Xen. Rep. sandals and slippers, the term "calceus " was apLac. 2), in order that they might have the full use plied in its proper and restricted sense.
of their feet in running, leaping, and climbing. Besides the difference in the intervals to which
Socrates, Phocion, and Cato frequently went bare- the calceus extended from the sole upwards to the
foot (&Pv7orTros, Aristoph. Nub. 103, 362; Xen. knee, other varieties arose from its adaptation to
JIesm. i. 6. ~ 2, pede nudo, Her. Ep. i. 19. 12). particular professions or modes of life. Thus the
The Roman slaves had no shoes (nudo talo, Juv. CALIGA was principally worn by soldiers; the PEnto,
vii. 16), their naked feet being marked with chalk by labourers and rustics; and the COTHURNUS, by
or gypsum. The covering of the feet was removed tragedians, hunters, and horsemen.
before reclining atmeals. [COENA.] To go bare- Understanding " calceus"' in its more confined
foot also indicated haste, grief, distraction of mind, application, it included all those more complete
or any violent emotion, as when Venus goes in coverings for the feet which were used in walking
quest of Adonis (aecasdaXos, Bion. i. 21), and when out of doors or in travelling. As most commonly
the Vestals flee from Rome with the apparatus of worn, these probably did not much differ from our
sacred utensils. (Flor. i. 13.) For similar reasons shoes, and are exemplified in a painting at Hercusorceresses go with naked feet, when intent upon laneum (Ant. d'Ercolano, i. Tav. 21), which reprethe exercise of magical arts (Sen. Mledea, iv. 2. 14; sents a female wearing bracelets, a wreath of ivy,
cuda pedema, Ovid. Met. vii. 183; pedibus nudis, and a panther's skin, while she is in the attitude of
Ior. Sat. i. 8. 24), although sometimes one foot dancing and playing on the cymbals.
only was unshod (ununz em ta pedem7 tinclis, Virg.
Aen. iv. 518), and is so painted on fictile vases.
That it was a very rare thing at Rome to see a
respectable female out of doors without shoes, is
clear from the astonishment experienced by Ovid
(Fast. vi. 397), until he was informed of the reason
of it, in a particular instance.
"Huc pede matronam vidi descendere nudo: 1
Obstupui tacitus, sustinuique gradum.".
The feet were sometimes bare in attendance on
funerals. Thus the remains of Augmistus were collected from the pyra by noblemen of the first rank
with naked feet. (Suet. Aug. 100.) A picture Z
found at Herculaneum exhibits persons with naked
feet engaged in the worship of Isis (Ant. d'Ercol.
ii. 320); and this practice was observed at Rome
in honour of Cybele (Prudent. Peris. 154). In
case of drought, a procession and ceremonies, called
Nudipedalia, were performed with a view to propitiate the gods by the same token of grief and
humiliation. (Tertull. Apol. 40.)
The idea of the defilement arising from contact
with any thing that had died, led to the entire disuse of skin or leather by the priests of Egypt.
Their shoes were made of vegetable materials
(calceos ex papyro, Mvlart. Cap. 2.) [BAxA.]
Those of the Greeks and Romans who wore
shoes, including generally all persons except youths, On the other hand, a marble foot in the British
slaves, and ascetics, consulted their convenience, iuseum exhibits the form of a man's shoe. Both
and indulged their fancy, by inventing the greatest the sole and the upper leather are thick and strong.
possible variety in the forms, colours, and materials The toes are uncovered, and a thong passes between
of their shoes. Hence we find a multitude of the great and the second toe as in a sandal.
names, the exact meaning of which it is impossible
to ascertain; but which were often derived either
from the persons who were supposed to have
brought certain kinds of shoes into fashion, or from
the places where they were procured. We read,
for example, of " shoes of Alcibiades;" of " Sicyonian," and "Persian," which were ladies' shoes
(Cic. De Orat. i. 54; Hesych.); of " Laconian,"
which were mens' shoes (Aristoph. Thes. 149); and
of "Cretan," "Milesian," and " Athenian " shoes.
The distinctions depending upon form may be i.x —' —. },
generally divided into those in which the mere sole 1\of a shoe was attached to the sole of the foot by