Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

220 CALATIIUS. CALCEUS.
12. s. 55, xxxiv. 8. s. 19; see the articles on the 0us, KcaXaOSloos), also called -rdapos usually siga
artists above mentioned in the Dictionary of nified the basket in which women placed their
Bio~g(raphy.) work, and especially the materials for spinning.
The principal ancient writers on this art, whose Thus, Pollux (x. 125) speaks of both'rdAapos and
works Pliny used, were Antigonus, Menaechmus, tciAaOos as riS yuvalwCVY1ir83os cev77l: and in anXenocrates, Duris, Menander, and especially other passage (vii. 29), he names them in connecPasiteles, who wrote mirabilia opera. (Plin. H. N. tion with spinning, and says that the ~Tdxapos and
Elench. lib. xxxiii.) The most important modern caXaOioaos were the same. These baskets were
works on the subject are the following: Winekel- made of osiers or reeds; whence we read in Pollux
mann, W1erke, passimn; Millingen, Unedited Monuz- (vii. 173) 7rAECelv T-adcpous Kal KacXaOlecrous, and
gments, ii. 12; Veltheim, Etwas iiber Memnon's in Catullus (lxiv. 319)Bildsiiole, Nero's Smaaragd, Toreutik, &c.; Quatremehre de QuincyS Le Jupiter Oly/piespi*; Weleker, "Ante pedes autem candentis mollia lanae
Zitsc/s.: RGesel. ue. Azusleg. d. alt. Klz)st, vWol. i. Vellera virgati custodiebant calathisci."
part 2. p. 280; Hirt, Uelier das Material, die Theyappear, however, to have been made in earlier
Tece/lik, &c., in the Analtrlea, vol. i. p. 239. times of more valuable materials, since we read in
Ibll.; MUller, Hlandb. d. Archhiologie der Kunst, Homer (Od. iv. 125) of a silver rdiAapos. They
~ 311 ) [P. S.] frequently occur in paintings on vases, and often
CAELIBA'TUS. [AES UxoRIum; LEx indicate, as Bdttiger (Vasengem. iii. 44) has reJULIA ET PAPIA POPPAEA.] marked, that the scene represented takes place in
CAERITUM TA'BULAE. [AERARIL] the gynaeconitis, or women's apartments. In the
CAESA R, a title of the Roman emperors, was following woodcut, taken from a painting on a vase
originally a family name of the Julia gens; it was (Millin, Peintures de Vases Antiques, vol. i. pl. 4),
assumed by Octavianus as the adopted son of the a slave, belonging to the class called quasillariae, is
great dictator, C. Julius Caesar, and was by him preseniing her mistress with the calathus, in which
handed down to his adopted son Tiberius. It con- the wool was kept for embroidery, &c.
tinued to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero,
as members either by adoption or female descent of
Caesar's family; but though the family became
extinct with Nero, succeeding emperors still retained
the name as part of their titles, and it was the
practice to prefix it to their own names, as for in-
stance, Imqperator Caesar Dowiztianus Augustus. d
When Hadrian adopted Aelius Varus, he allowed
the latter to take the title of Caesar; and from this.
time, though the title of Augustus continued to be
confined to the reigning emperor, that of Caesar'was also granted the second person in the state
and the heir presumptive to the throne. (Eckhel,
vol. viii. p. 367, &c.) [AUGUSTUS.]
CALAMISTRUM, an instrument made of iron,
and hollow like a reed (calamzus), used for curling
the hair. For this purpose it was heated, the per- Baskets of this kind were also used for other purson who performed the office of heating it in wood- poses (B1ttiger, Sabinar, vol. ii. pp. 252, 258), such
ashes (anis) being called cinifo, or cinerarius. (Hor. as for carrying fruits, flowers, &c. (Ovid. A-rt. A ns.
Sat. i. 2. 98; Heindorf, ad lee.) This use of heated ii. 264.) The name of calathi was also given to
irons was adopted very early among the Romans cups for holding wine (Virg. Ee'cl. v. 71>.
(Plaut. Asine. iii. 3. 37), and became as common Calathus was properly a Greek word, though
among them as it has been in modern times. (Virg. used by the Latin writers. The Latin word corAcen. xii. 100.) Inthe ageofCicero, whofrequently responding to it was qualus (Hor. Caren. iii. 12.
alludes to it, the Roman youths, as well as the 4), or quasillus (Festus s. Calat/lhss; Cic. Philipp. iii.
matrons, often appeared with their hair curled in 4 * Prop. iv. 7. 37). From quasillues came quasillaria,
this manner (caloamistrati). We see the result in the name of the slave who spun, and who was conmany antique statues and busts. [J. Y.] sidered the meanest of the female slaves. (Petron.
CA'LAMUS (iecdaoos, Polllux, x. 15), a sort 132; Tihull. iv. 10. 3.) [Fusus; TELA.]
of reed which the ancients used as a pen for writing. CALCAR (ju6we, EyCevrpis, Polluix, x. 12), a
(Cic. ad Art. vi. 8; Her. De Art. Po't. 447.) The spur. The Greek name for spurs was taken from
best sorts were got from Aegypt and Cnidus. (Plin. the flies, which infest horses with their stings: hence
II. N. xvi. 36, 64.) — So Martial (xiv. 38), " Dat the verb iuvwerCSe-v, to spur. (Xen. de Re ~Eq. viii. 5,
chartis habiles calamos Memphitica tellus." When x. 1, 2; Heliodor. ix. p. 432, ed. Commelin.) The
the reed became blunt, it was sharpened with a Athenian gentry sometimes showed their conceit
knife, scalp'1unz librarium (Tac.,Ann. v. 8; Suet. by walking about the Agora in spurs after riding
Vitell. 2); and to a reed so sharpened the epithet (Theophrast. Char. xxi.) Spurs were early used
temperatus, used by Cicero, probably refers (Cic. by the Romans, as appears from the mention of
Ad Qu. F. ii. 15, " calamo et atramento temperate them in Plautus (Asian. iii. 3. 118) and Lucretius (v.
res agetur "). One of the inkstands given under the 1074). They are likewise often alluded to by Cicero
article ATRaAENTUsm has a calamus upon it. The (De Oral. iii. 9, ad Att. vi. 1), Ovid (De Ponto, ii.
calamus was split like our pens, and hence Ausoniets 9. 38; iv. 2. 35), Virgil (ferrata calce, Aen. xi.
(vii. 49) calls it fissipes or clovenfooted. [A. A.] 714), and subsequent Roman authors. [J. Y.]
CALA'NTICA. [COMA.] CA'LCEUS, CALCE AMIEN, CALCEACA'LATHUS, dim. CALATHISCUS (tcdXa- MENTUM (/nroe-0u2a, 7rEl&Aov), a shoe or boot,