Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

N18 CADUS. CAELATURA.
were brought, and the advantages obtained by the diminutive Ka5cos was more commonly used in
successfil party, we have no information. (Meier, this signification. [PsEPHUS.]
Att. Proc. pp. 45, 386.) [J. S. M. CAELATU'RA (TopeVrTId), a branch of
CADA'VER. [FUNUS.] the fine arts, under which all sorts of ornamental
CADISCI (iceaUiKce). [PSEPHUS.] work in metal, except actual statues, appear to
CADU'CEUS (1cpttKEL0ov, KinpmICOiv, Thucyd. be included. The principal processes, which these
653; Kmpvtetov, Herod. ix. 100) was the staff or words were used to designate, seem to have been
mace carried by heralds and ambassadors in time of three kinds: hammering metal plates into
of war. (Pollux, viii. 138.) This name is also moulds or dies, so as to bring out a raised patgiven to the staff with which Hermes or Mercury tern; engraving the surface of metals with a sharp
is usually represented, as is shown in the following tool; and working a pattern of one metal upon or
figure of Hermes, taken from an ancient vase, into a surface of another: in short, the various
which is given in Millin's Peintures de Vases An- processes which we describe by the words c/7asinq,
tiques, vol. i. pl. 70. dahnascening, &c. Millingen, who is one of the
The caduceus was originally only an olive branch best authorities on such subjects, says " The art of
with the crsTrjruaca which were afterward formed working the precious metals either separately, or
into snakes. (MUiller, Archiiologie der Knnst, p. uniting them with other substances, was called
504.) Later mythologists invented tales about toreutic. It was known at a very early epoch, as
may be inferred from the shield of Achilles, the
ark of Cypselus, and other productions of the
kind." There is, however, some doubt whether,
in their original meaning, the words TOPEUVTo'h and
caelatura described the first or the second of the
above processes: but both etymology and usage
are in favour of the latter view. The word ropec'w
means originally to bore, to pierce ~by cutting, and
the cognate substantives TropeS and -ropos are apTd/ \ Aplied to any pointed instrument, such as the tool
l of the engraver (TopeVT' s: see Seiler u. Jacobitz,
H iandworterbuels d. Griecl. Spracle, s. vv.). So in
Latin, caelo (to chase), and caelzum (the chasing
tool), are undoubtedly connected with caedo (to
cut). It may also be observed that for working
metals by hammering other words are used, E'Aa/ / \, o~pvpt?7XaTeviw, eiKpOV'Etr, XcXcp o VeEl, excudere, and that works in metal made by hammering plates into a raised pattern are called &ad|yXxpa, and I cTvmra [ANAGLYPHA]. With regard
to the usage of the terms, it is enough to remark,
that a very large proportion of the ornamental
works in metal, alluded to by the ancient writers,
from Homer downwards, must have been executed
by the process of engraving, and not of hammering.
But, whichever process the terms may have been
these snakes. Hyginus tells us that Mercury once originally intended to designate, in practice both
found two snakes fighting, and divided them with processes were frequently united. For all vessels
his wand; from which circumstance they were made out of thin plates of metal, the process seems
used as an emblem of peace. (Compare Plin. II. N. to have been first to beat out the plate into the
xxix. 3.) raised pattern, and then to chase it with the
From caduceus was formed the word Caduceator, graving tool. There is an example of this kind
which signified a person sent to treat of peace. (Liv. of work in the British Museum, noticed by Milxxxii. 32; Nep. Hannib. 11; Amm. Marc. xx. 7; lingen.
Gell. x. 27.) The persons of the Caduceatores Another question has been raised, whether
were considered sacred. (Cato, ap. Fest. s. v.; Cic. qTopeV1TKm' and caelatura, are precisely equivalent:
De Orat. ii. 46.) The Caduceus was not used by but it is the opinion of the best writers on art
the Romans. They used instead verbena and that they are so, though Quatrembre de Quincy and
saygnina, which were carried by the Fetiales. (Dig. others suppose ropeVrLci to refer to any work in
i. tit. 8. s. 8.) [FETIALES.] relief, and even to chryselephantine statues. (See
CADU'CUM. [BONA CADUCA.] Garatoni, in Cic. Verr. iv. 23; Salmas. Exerc. ad
CADUS (tcidos, icd3os), a large vessel usually Solin. p. 736, foll.; Heyne, Antiquar. Afsiitze,
made of earthen-ware, which was used for several ii. p. 127.) Quintilian (ii. 21) expressly dispurposes among the ancients. Wine was fre- tinguishes caelatura and sculptura by saying that
quently kept in it; and we learn from an author the former includes works in gold, silver, bronze,
quoted by Pollux that the amphora was also called and iron, while the latter embraces, besides these
cadus (Pollux, x. 70, 71; Suidas, s. v. Kdcos). materials, also swood, ivor/y, nmarble, glass, and gems.
The vessel used in drawing water from wells was It must therefore be understood as an accommocalled cadus (Aristoph. Eccles. 1003; Pollux. x. dated use of the term when Pliny says of glass,31), or yavXds. (Suidas, s. v. rauxs.) The name " argenti modo caelatur." (H. N. xxxvi. 26. s. 66.)
of cadus was sometimes given to the vessel or urn The fact which is implied in the words just
in which the counters or pebbles of the dicasts were quoted, that silver was the chief material on
put, when they gave their vote on a trial, but the which the caelator worked, is expressly stated by