Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

212 BOULE. BOULE.
and responsible (rsEv0duvos) to the people. Thus I those days, arrive at any conclusions relative to the
Xenophon (De Rep. A th. iii. 2) tells us that the customs of former ages.
senate was occupied with providing money, with If it is asked what, then, were the duties of these
receiving the tribute, and with the management of proedri in earlier times, the answer must be in a
naval affairs and the temples; and Lysias (c. great measure conjectural; but the opinion ot
Nicomn. p. 185) makes the following remark: -- Schimann on this point seems very plausible. He
" When the senate has sufficient money for the observes that the prytanes had extensive and iamadministration of affairs, it does nothing wrong; portant duties entrusted to them.; that they were
but when it is in want of funds, it receives in- all of one tribe, and therefore closely connected;
formations, and confiscates the property of the that they officiated for 35 days as presidents of the
citizens." The letting of the duties (TerAovac ) was representatives of the other tribes; and that they
also under its superintendence, and those who had ample opportunities of combining for the benewere in possession of any sacred or public moneys fit of their own tribe at the expense of the commu('EPC fiCact oIea)' were bound to pay them into nity. To prevent this, and watch their conduct
the senate-house; and in default of payment, the whenever any business was brought before the
senate had the power of enforcing it, in conformity senate and assembly, may have been the reason for
with the laws for the farming of the duties (or appointing, by lot, nine other quasi-presidents, reTEACWVLKOo Y6oOL). The accounts of the moneys presentatives of the non-presiding tribes, who would
that had been received, and of those still re- protest and interfere, or approve and sanction as
maining due, were delivered to the senate by the they might think fit. Supposing this to have been
apodectae, or public treasurers. [APonDCTAE.] the object of their appointment in the first instance.
" The senate arranged also the application of the it is easy to see how they might at last have been
public money, even in trifling matters, such as the united with the proper proedri, in the performance
salary of the poets; the superintendence of the of duties originally appropriated to the latter.
cavalry maintained by the state, and the ex- In connection with the proedri we meet with
amination of the infirm (a5vaeroi) supported by the expression X/ 7rpos8pe6ova a (rpuv. Our inthe state, are particularly mentioned among its formation on this subject is derived from the speech
duties; the public debts were also paid under its of Aeschines against Timarchus, who informs us,
direction. From this enumeration we are justified in that in consequence of the unseemly conduct of
inferring that all questions of finance were confided Tiluarchus, on one occasion, before the assembly,
to its supreme regulation." (BMckh, Pzbl. Econ. a new law was passed, in virtue of which, a tribe
of Athens, p. 154, 2nd ed.) Another very im- was chosen by lot to keep order, and sit as presiportant duty of the senators was to take care that dents under the Bilua, or platform on which the
a certain number of triremes was built every year, orators stood. No renmark is made on the subject
for which purpose they were supplied with money to warrant us in supposing that senators only were
by the state; in default of so doing, they were not elected to this office; it seems more probable that
allowed to claimr the honour of wearing a crown,:a certain.number of persons was chosen from the
or chaplet (rfTem'avos) -at the expiration of their tribe on which the lot had fallen, and commissioned
year of office. (Arg. Orat. c. Androt.) to sit along with the prytales and the proedri, and
It has been already stated that there were two that they assisted in keeping order. We may
classes or sets of proedri in the senate, one of here remark that if (any of the speakers (P'iropes)
which, amounting to ten in number, belonged to misconducted themselves either in the senate or
the presiding tribe.; the other consisted of nine, the assembly, or were guilty of any act of violence
chosen by lot by the chairman of the presiding to the Eo7rloTrciTr,, after the breaking up of either,
proedri from the nine non-presiding tribes, one the proedri had the power to inflict a summary
from each, as often as either the senate or the peo- fine, or bring the matter before the senate and
pie were convened. It must be remembered that assembly at the next meeting, if they thought the
they were not elected as the other proedri, for case required it.
seven days, but only for as many hours as the The meetings of the senate were, as we learn
session of the senate, or meeting of the people, from various passages of the Attic orators, open to
lasted. Now it has been a question what were strangers; thus Demosthenes (De FCa. Leg. p. 346)
the respective duties of these two classes: bt t ktsays that the senate-house was, on a particular ocappears clear to us that it was the proedri of the casion, full of strangers (eErhT Xb v {, ialWTWo): in
preszding tribe who proposed to the people in Aeschines (c. CLes. p. 71. 20) we read of a motion
assembly, the subjects for discussion; recited, or " that strangers do withdraw" (gesrrlCo'ndzYevo9
caused to be recited, the previous bill (arpoGomv- Tros i&TSras, Dobree, Advers. vol. i. p. 542). Nay,
voevya) of the senate; officiated -as presidents in private individuals were sometimes, by a special
conjunction with their iEroTdu7Is, or chairman, and decree, authorised to come forward and give advice
discharged, in fact, all the functions implied by the to the senate. The senate-house was called vb
words XpLtcaTeL'EVw 7rp6s TbV 8ipov-. For ample BovuXurTpLov, and contained two chapels, one of
arguments in support of this opinion the reader is ZeVBS PovUXaos, another of'Afvia 1ovXaLia, in
referred to Schbmann. (De Corn. p. 83. transl.) which it was customary for the senators to offer
It does indeed appear from decrees furnished by up certain prayers before proceeding to business.
inscriptions, and other authorities, that in later (Antiph. De Chor. p. 787.)
time the proedri of the nine tribes exercised some The prytanes also had a building to hold their
of those functions which the orations of Demos- meetings in, where they were entertained at the
thenes, and his contemporaries, justify us in assign- public expense during their prytany. This was
ing to the proedri of the presiding tribe. It must, called the 7rpuraveEov, and was used for a variety
however, be remarked that all such decrees were of purposes. [PRYTANEION.] Thucydides (ii.
passed after B. c. 308, when there were twelve 15), indeed, tells us that before the time of Thetribes; and tlait lwe cannot, from the practice of seus every city of Attica had its flovuAehrlprto' and