Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

BARBA. BAIRBA. 197
were without the beard. The philosophers, how- sentative.. Men, had not often the necessary im —
ever, generally continued the old badge of their plements for the various operations of the toilet;
profession, and their ostentation in son doing gave combs,. mirrors, perfumes, and tools for clipping,
rise to the saying that a long beard does not make cuttings, shaving, &e. Accordingly the whole proa philosopher (7rcaywvopoppia optXi'oopov ob 7roLE?), cess had to be performed at the barber's, and hence
and a man, whose wisdom stopped with his beard, the great concourse of people who daily gossipped
was called e'c 7r6Yavos uo(pds. (Compare Gell; ix. at the, tonstsrina, or barber's shop. Besides the
2; Quint. xi. 1). The Romans in early times duties of a barber and hairdresser, strictly se
wore the beard uncut, as we learn from the insult called, the ancient tonsor discharged other offices.
offered by the Gaul to M. Papirius (Liv. v. 41), He-was also a nail-parer. He was, in fact, much
and from Cicero (Pro Cael. 14); and according what the English barber was when he extracted
to Varro (De Re Rust. ii. 11) and Pliny (vii. 59),. teeth, as well as cut and dressed hair. People
the Roman beards were not shaven till B. c. 300,. who kept the necessary instruments for all the
when P. Ticinius Maenas brought over a barber different operations, generally had also slaves exfrom Sicily; and Pliny adds, that the first Roman pressly for the purpose of performing them. The
who was shaved (rasus) every day was Scipio business of the barber was threefold. First there
Africanus. HiLs custom, however, was- soon fol- was the cutting of hair: hence the barber's queslowed, and shaving became a regular thing. The tionn, WrS aoE KeIpe (Plut. De Garrul. 13). For
lower orders, then as now, were not always able to this purpose he used various knives of different
dp the same,, and hence the jeers of Martial (vii.'sizes and shapes, and degrees of sharpness: hence
95, xii. 59). In the later tinmes of the republic Lucian (Adv. Indoct. c. 29), in enumerating the
there were- many who shaved the beard only par- apparatus of a barber's shop, mentions srX~0os
tially, and trimmed it, so as to give it an orna- j:/Xeatpzioov (ucixalpa, tuaxaiplss, icovpis are used
mental form.; to!them the terms bene arbarti (Cic. alsoj. in. Latin culter); but scissorss, aAls, atrx-q
CCatil. ii. 10) and barbatuli (Cic. ad Att. i. 14, 16, tlidyXats a (Pollux,. ii. 32; in Latin. jobsfe, acxiia)
Pro Cael. 14) are applied. Whenin mourning all were used too. (Compare Aristoph. A/oarn. 848
the higher as well as the lower orders let their Lucian, Pis. o. 46.) MeXaoLa was the usual word.
beards greow.- Irregularity and unevenness of the hair was conIn the general way in Rome at this time, a sidered a great blemish, as appears generally, andlong beard (barba promnissa, Liv. xxvii. 34) was from Horace (Sat. i. 3. 31, and Epist. i. 1, 94), and
considered a mark of slovenliness and squalor-. accordingly after the hair-cutting the uneven hairs
The censors, L. Veturius and P. Licinius, com- were pulled out by tweezers, an operation- to which
pelled M. Liviuns, who had been banished, on his Pollux (ii. 34) applies the term, 1rapaXeyceaOat.
restoration: to the city, to, be shaved, and to lay So the hangers-on on great men, who wished to
aside his- dirty appearance (tonderi et squalorera look young, were accustomed to pull, out the grey
deponere), and then,. but not till then, to come into hairs for them. (A-rist. Eq. 908.) This was conthe senate, &c. (Liv. xxvii. 34.) The first time of sidered, however a mark of effeminacy. (Gell.
shaving was regarded as the beginning of manhood, vii. 12; Cic. Pro Rose. Com. 7.) The person who
and the- day on. which this took place was cele- was to be operated on by the barber had a rough
brated as a festival. (Juv. Sat, iii. 186.) There cloth ( olxdwevov, involzecre in Plautus, Capt. ii. 2.
was no particular time fixed- for this to be done. 17) laid onl his shoulders, as now, to keep the
Usually,. however, it was done when the young hairs off his dress, &c. The- second part of the
Roman assumed, the toga virilis (Suet. C'alig. 10). business was shaving (s-ade-re, rasitarqe. uvpEZV).
Augustus did it in his 24th year; Caligula in his This was done with a uvpdv, a novacula (Lamprid.
20th. The- hair cut off on such occasions was con- Ileliog. c. 31), a razor (as we, retaining the Latin
secrated to, some god. Thus Nero put his up in a root, call it), which he kept in a case, /ASIKSc,
gold box, set withpearls. and dedicated it to Jupi- ~opoO(icn, 5vpoaoK'Ss,.` a razor-case" (Aristoph.
ter Capitolinus. (Suet. Ner. 12.) TVlesmn. 220; Pollux,. ii. 32; Petron. 94). Some
With the emperor Hadrian the beard began to who would not submit to the operation of the razor
revive (Dion Cass. lxviii. 15). Plutarch says that used instead some powerful depilatory ointments,
the emperor wore- it to hide some scars. on his face. or plasters, as pstlotilron. (Plin. xxxii. 10. 47;
The practice afterwards became common, and till acida Creta, Martial, vi. 93. 9; Venetume lutum,
the time of Constantine the Great, the emperors iii, 74; dropax, iii. 74; x. 65.) Stray hairs which
appear in busts and coins with beards. The Ro- escaped the razor were pulled out with small
mans let their beards grow in time of mourning; pincers or tweezers (volsellae,'rptXoXAgdov). The
so Augustus did (Suet. Ausg. 23) for the death of third part of the barber's work was to pare the
Julius Caesar, and the time-when he had it shaved nails of the hands, an operation which the Greeks
off he made a season- of festivity. (Dion Cass. expressed by the words uvvXfeiv and &7rovuxLfevxlviii. 34; comp. Cic.. in Verr. ii. 12.) The (Aristoph. Eq. 706; and Sclol.. Theophrast.
Greeks, on the other hand, on such occasions Gliaract. c.. 26; Pollux, ii. 146). The instrushaved the beard close.. Tacitus (Germ. c. 3) says ments used for this purpose were called ovuxlo-rs'La,
that the Catti let their -hair and beard grow, and so. MtaXalpla. (Pollux, x. 140.) This practite of
would not have them cut till they had slain an employing a man expressly to pare the nails exenemy (Compare Becker, GCkazikles, vol.. ii. plains Plautus's humorous description of the mierly
p. 387, &c.) Euclio (Aulul. ii. 4. 34):
BARBERns. The Greek name for a barber was "Qiin ipsi quidem tonsor ungues denpset,
roupE's, and the Latin tonsor.. The term eira-,osop~sse,.and the Laztin toossr; The term ens- Collegit, omnia abstulit praesegmina,.'
ployed in modern European languages is derived
from the low Latin barbatorizs, which is found in Even to the miser- it did not occur to pare his nails
Petronins. The barber of the ancients was a far himself, and: save the money he would have to pay;
more important personage than his ulodern repre- hut only- to collect the parings in hope of mekling
03