Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

196 BALTEUS. BARBA.
the lower ones by the aperture at D, w-hich were for the fact, that this part of the alcient arnoul
placed immediately over the hypocaust E; the is ne-ver esrhibited in paintings or sculptures. A
praefurnion of which is seen in the transverse third -use (of the balteus was to suspend the quiver,
section, at F in the lower,cut. There were and sometimes together with it the bow. (Nemes.
thirty-two of these cells arranged in two rows Cyneg. 91.) The belt was usually made of leather,
over the hypocaust, sixteen on each side, and all but was ornamented with gold, silver, and precious
communicating with each other; and over these a stones, and on it subjects of ancient art were fresimilar number similarly arranged, which com- quently embroidered or embossed. (Herod. i.
municated with those below by the aperture at D. 171; Xp6teos erXaeuc~L, Od. xi. 610; cpaerds,
The parting walls between these cells were like- 11. xii. 401; Virg. Aen. v. 312.) The belts of:wise perforated with flues, which served to dis- the Roman emperors were also magnificently.seminate the heat all around the whole body of adorned, and we learn from inscriptions that there
water. When the water was sufficiently warm, it was a distinct officer - the baltearias - who had
was turned on to the baths through pipes conducted the charge of them in the imperial palace. (Trelikewise through flues in order to prevent the,loss* bell. Poll. (allien. 16.)
of temperature during the passage, and the vacuum. BAILTEUS, in architecture. Vitruvius apwas supplied by tepid water from the range above, plies the term " baltei " to the bands surrounding
which was replenished from the piscina; exactly the volute on each side of an Ionic capital. (De
upon the principle represented in the drawing from Arch. iii. 5. ed. Schneider; Genelli, Briefe iibe'
the Thermae of Titus, ingeniously applied upon a Vitruv. ii. p. 35.) [COLUMNA.] Other writers
much larger scale. (The most important modern apply it to the praecinctiones of an amphitheatre.
works on the Roman baths are the following: (Calpurn. Ecl. vii. 47; Tertullian, De Speclac. 3;
Winckelnmann, numerous passages in his works.; AmPHITHEATRUM). In the amphitheatre at
the descriptions of the Roman baths by Cameron, Verona the bhaltei are found by measurement to be
Lond. 1772, and Palladio and Scamozzi, Vicenza, 2} feet high, the steps which they enclose being
1785; Stieglitz, Arclhiaoloyie der Baukunst, vol. ii.. one foot two inches high. [J. Y.]
p. 267, &c.; ilirt, Lehie der GeTizude, p. 233, &c.; BAPTISTE'RIUM. [BALNEUMA.]
Weinbrenner,. EntwiisfI uend Erghinzyngen acntiker BARATHRON (/3cpaOpov), also called ORUGGebiibde, Carlsruhe, 1822, part 1; the editors of MA (bpviyjua), was a deep pit at Athens, with
Vitruvius, especially Schneider, vol. ii. pp. 375- hooks on the sides, into which criminals were cast.
391; for the baths of Pompeii, Bechi, 2AJuss. Bor- It was situate in the demus KespLdSat. It is menhon. vol. ii. pp. 49 —52; Gell, Pompeian; Pom- tioned as early as the Persian wars, and continued
oeii in the Lib. Ent. Know.; and for the best to be employed as a mode of punishment in the?summary of the whole subject, Becker, Gallus, vol. time of the orators. The executioner was called
ii. p. 11, &c.) [A. R.] eMrri A'd ipUT/arTL. (Schol. ad Aristoph. Plit. 431;
BA'LTEUS, or BA'LTEA in the plural Harpocrat. s. vv.; Herod. vii. 133; Xen. Hell. i. 7.
('resXaxIoy), a belt, a shoulder-belt, a baldric, ~ 21; Lycurg. c. Leocrat. p. 221; Deinarch. c.
was used to suspend the sword; and, as the Dem. p. 49; Wachsmuth, 1Hellen. Altertllumesk. vol.
sword commonly hung beside the left hip, its belt ii. p. 204, 2nd edit.) It corresponded to the Spartan
was supported by the right shoulder, and passed Ceadas. [CEADXS.]
obliquely over the breast, as is seen in the beauti- BARBA (T7rcycxv,'yelovt,, 7rrit-V, Aristoph.
ful cameo here introduced from the Florentine Lysist. 1072), the beard. The fashions which
Museum. In the Homeric times the Greeks also have prevailed at different times, and in different
countries, with respect to the beard, have been very
various. The most refined modern nations regard
the beard as an encumbrance, without beauty or
meaning; but the ancients generally cultivated its
growth and form with special attention; and that
the Greeks were not behind-hand in this, any
more than in other arts, is sufficiently shown by
the statues of their philosophers. The phrase
7rroy'ovorpocpet, which is applied to letting the
I beard grow, implies a positive culture. Generally
speaking, a thick beard, 7rci-yco f3al6s, or 3aaor,
was considered as a mark of manliness. The
Greek philosophers were distinguished by their
AAhxm Cfl A O g i~i, L. S~long beards as a sort of badge, and hence the termi
rxOD-E:: -which Petrsius (Sat. iv. 1) applies to Socrates
magister Baiebatc s. The Homeric heroes were
bearded men. So Agamemnon, Ajax, Menelaus,
Ulysses (II. xxii. 74, xxiv. 516, Od. xvi. 176).
~ ) According to Chrysippus, cited by Athenaeus
(xiii. p. 565), the Greeks wotre the beard till the
time of Alexander the Great, and he adds that the
first man who was shaven was called ever after
used a belt to support the shield; and this second /codpar-v, " shaven " (from Ice/pso). Plutarch (TIles.
belt lay over the other, and was larger and broader c. 5) says that the reason for the shaving was that
than it (n. xiv. 404 —406); but as this shield- they might not be pulled by the beard in battle.
belt was found inconvenient, it was superseded by The custom of shaving the beard continued among
the invention of the Carian Oxavov [CarePFus.] the Greeks till the time of Justirian, and during
The very early disuse of the shield-belt accounts that period even the statues of tie philosophers