Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

BALNEAE. BALNEAE. 193
passed from the furnace under the first and last these the Abbate Iorio (Plan de I'ompeii) ingeniof the caldrons by two flues, which are marked ously suggests that they were an old set of baths,
upon the plan. These coppers were constructed to which the larger ones were subsequently added
in the same manner as is represented ill the en- when they became too small for the increasing
graving from the Thermae of Titus; the one con- wealth and population of the city. But the story,
taining hot water being placed immediately over already quoted, of the consul's wife who turned the
the furnace; and, as the water was drawn out men out of their baths at Teanum for her confrom thence, it was supplied from the next, the venience, seems sufficiently to negative such a suptepidarium, which was already considerably heated position; and to prove that the inhabitants of
from its contiguity to the fuirnace and the hypo- ancient Italy, if not more selfish, were certainly
caust below it, so that it supplied the deficiency of less gallant than their successors. In addition to
the former without materially diminishing its tem- this, Vitruvius expressly enjoins that the baths of
perature; and the vacuum in this last was again the men and women, though separate, should b2
filled up from the farthest removed, which contained contiguous to each other, in order that they might
the cold water received directly from the square be supplied from the same boilers and hypocaust
reservoir seen behind them; a principle which (v. 10); directions which are here fulfilled to the
has at length been introduced into the modern letter, as a glance at the plan will demonstrate.
bathing establishments, where its efficacy, both in It does not come within the scope of this article
saving time and expense, is fully acknowledged. to investigate the source from whence, or the manThe boilers themselves no longer remain, but the ner in which, the water was supplied to the baths
impressions which they have left in the mortar in of Pompeii. But it may be remarked that the
which they were embedded are clearly visible, and suggestion of Mazois, who wrote just after the exenable us to ascertain their respective positions and cavation was commenced, and which has been
dimensions, the first of which, the caldmaium, is copied from him by the editor of the volumes on
represented in the annexed cut. Pompeii published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, was not confirmed by
firIj- 2.the excavation; and those who are interested in the'2-.- matter may consult the fourth appendix to the
Plan de Pomrpeii, by the Abbate lorio.
Notwithstanding the ample account which has
1 Ad ll Fi! @ qi&2 t. been given of the plans and usages respecting baths
in general, something yet remains to be said about
that particular class denominated Thermae; of
which establishments the baths in fact constituted
~ ~~ i{'l.,:T J 1~ >the smallest part. The therinae, properly speaking,
were a Roman adaptation of the Greek gymnasium
1 0 I X a' ~ 4.[GYMNASIUM], or palaestra, as described by Vitru-- X./!And i> _vius (v. 11); both of which contained a system of
baths in conjunction- with conveniences for athletic
games and youthful sports, exedrae in which the
rhetoricians declaimed, poets recited, and philosophers lectured -as well as porticoes and vestibules
Behind the coppers there is another corridor (16), for the idle, and libraries for the learned. They
leading into the court or atrium (17) appropriated were decorated with the finest objects of art, both
to the servants of the bath, and which has also the in painting and sculpture, covered with precious
convenience of an immediate communication with marbles, and adorned with fountains and shaded
the street by the door at C. walks and plantations, like the groves of the AcaWe now proceed to the adjoining set of baths, demy. It may be suaid that they began and ended
which were assigned to the women. The entrance with the Empire, for it was not until the time of
is by the door A, which conducts into a small Augustus that these magnificent structures were
vestibule (18), and thence into the apodyterium' commenced. M. Agrippa is the first who afforded.
(19), which, like the one in the men's bath, has a these luxuries to his countrymen, by bequeathing
seat (pulvinus etggradus) on either side built up to them the thermae and gardens which he had
against the wall. This opens upon a cold bath erected in the Campus Martius. (Dion Cass. liv.
(20), answering to the natatio of the other set, but vol. i. p. 759; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 25. s. 64.) The
of much smaller dimension, and probably similar to Pantheon, now existing at Rome, served originally
the one' denominated by Pliny (1. c.) puteus. There as a vestibule to these baths; and, as it was conare four steps on the inside to descend into it. sidered too magnificent for' the purpose, it is supOpposite to the door of entrance into the apodyte- posed that Agrippa added the portico and conseriucm is another doorway which leads to the tepi- crated it as a temple. It appears from a passage
dariumn (21), which also communicates with the in Sidonius Apollinaris (Carsm. xxiii. 495), that
thermal chamber (22), on one side of which is a the whole of these buildings, together with the
warm bath in a square recess, and at the further adjacent Thermae Neronianae, remained entire in
extremity the Laconicum with its laIrum. The the year A. D. 466. Little is now left beyond a
floor of this chamber is suspended, and its walls few fragments of ruins, and the Pantheon. The
perforated for flues, like the corresponding one in example set by Agrippa was followed by Nero,
the men's baths. and afterwards by Titus; the ruins of whose
The comparative smallness and inferiority of the thernmae are still visible, covering a vast extent,
fittings-up in this suite of baths has induced some partly under ground and partly above the Esquiline
Italian antiquaries to throw a doubt upon the fact Hill. Thermae were also erected by Trajan, Caof their being assigned to the women;'and amongst racalla, and Diocletian, of the two last of which
0o