Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

192 BA LNE A F. BALNEAE.
henispf7eaerii). orer the centre of which an orifice is heat, or comes in from violent exercise. These inleft from which a bronze shield (clipeus) was sus- struments, some specimens of which are represented
pended. This regulated the temperature of the in the previous woodcut, and many of which have
apartment, being raised or lowered by means of been discovered amongst the ruins of the various
chains to which it was attached. The form of the baths of antiquity, were made of bone, bronze, iron,
cell was required to be circular, in order that the and silver; all corresponding in form with the
warm air from the hypocaust might encircle it with epithet of Martial, " curveo distringere ferro"
greater facility. (Vitruv. v. 10.) In accordance (Epig. xiv. 51). The poorer classes were obliged
with these rules is the Laconicum at Pompeii, a to scrape themselves, but the more wealthy took
section of which is given in the previous page, their slaves to the baths for the purpose; a fact
the clipeus only being added in order make the which is elucidated by a curious story related by
meaning more clear. Spartianus (Hadrian. c. 17).
A, The suspended pavement, suspensura; 13. the The strigil was by no means a blunt instrument,
junction of the hemisphaerium with the side walls, consequently its edge was softened by the applican
ima curvatura lhemzisphaerii; C, the shield, clipezs; tion of oil, which was dropped upon it from a small
E and F, the chains by which it is raised and vessel called guttess*, which had a narrow neck, so
lowered; D, a labruzm, or flat marble vase, into as to discharge its contents drop by drop, from
which a supply of water was introduced by a single whence the name is taken. A representation of a
pipe running through the stem. Its use is not ex- guttus is given in the preceding woodcut. Augusactly ascertained in this place, nor whether the tus is related to have suffered from an over-violent
water it contained was hot or cold. use of the strigil. (Suet. Aug. 30.) Invalids and
It would not be proper to dismiss this account persons of a delicate habit made use of sponges,
of the Laconicsus without alluding to an opinion which Pliny says answered for towels as well as
adopted by some writers, amongst whom are Gali- strigils. They were finally dried with towels
sino and Cameron, that the Laconicum was merely (lintea), and anointed. (Jur. Sat. iii. 262; Apua small cupola, with a metal shield over it, rising leius, Met. ii.; Plin. I<. N. xxxi. 11. s. 47.)
above the flooring (suspensura) of the chamber, in The common people were supplied with these
the manner represented by the drawing from the necessaries in the baths, but the more wealthy carThermae of Titus, which drawing has, doubtless, ried their own with them (Pers. kSat. v. 126).
given rise to the opinion. But it will be observed Lucian (Lexiph. vol. ii. p. 320. ed. Reiz.) adds also
that the design in question is little more than a soap and towels to the list.
section, and that the artist may have resorted to After the operation of scraping and rubbing dry,
the expedient in order to show the apparatus be- they retired into, or remained in, the tepidartizss
longing to one end of the chamber, as is frequently until they thought it prudent to encounter the
done in similar plans, where any part which re- open air. But it does not appear to have been
quired to be represented upon a larger scale is in- customary to bathe in the water, when there was
serted in frull development within the general sec- any, which was not the case at Pompeii, nor in the
tion; for in none of the numerous baths which baths of Hippias (Lucian, 1. c.), either of the tepyihave been discovered in Italy or elsewhere, even darium orfrigidcriumon; the temperature only of the
where the pavements were in a perfect state, has atmosphere in these two chambers being of conseany such contrivance been observed. Besides which quence to break the sudden change from the exit is manifest that the clipeus could not be raised treme of hot to cold.
or lowered in the design alluded to, seeing that the Returning now back into the frigidarium (8),
chains for that purpose could not be reached in the which, according to the directions of Vitruvius (v.
situation represented, or, if attained, could not be 11), has a passage (14) communicating with the
handled, as they must be red-hot from the heat of mouth of the furnace (e), which is also seen in the
the hypocaust into which they were inserted. In next woodcut under the boilers, called praefu2rniui n,
addition to which, the remains discovered tally ex- propnigeuez (Plin.Ep. ii. 17),7rpo7rv-7y0ov (from ~rpo,
actly with the directions of Vitruvius, which this before, and irvyEbs, a furnace), and passing down
does not. that passage, we reach the chamber (15) into which
After having gone through the regular course of the praefurnium projects, and which has also an
perspiration, the Romans made use of instruments entrance from the street at B. It was appropriated to the use of those who had charge of the
fires (fosnacatores). There are two staircases in
it; one of which leads to the roof of the baths,
and the other to the coppers which contained
the water. Of these there were three: one of
which contained the hot water-caldarissum (sc.
vas, or ahenum); the second the tepid-tepidariuens; and the last the cold i-frigcidacrihe. The
warm water was introduced into the warm bath by
means of a conduit pipe, marked on the plan,
and conducted through the wall. Underneath the
"caldariun was placed the furnace (fiurnus, Hor. Ep.
i. 11. 12), which served to heat the water, and
give out streams of warm air into the hollow cells
of the hypocaustzum (from svrb and tcain). It
called strigiles (or striqles, Juv. Sat. iii. 263), to
scrape off the perspiration, much in the same way * It was also called anzpulla, MjtcuOos, IUvpoas w'e are accustomed to scrape the sweat off a. Osclov, iaxorpopov. (Ruperti, Ad Jszv. Sat. ii.
horse with a piece of iron hoop, after he has run a 262.) [AMPULLA.]