Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

fBALNEAE. BALNEAE. 189
placed underneath the portico (a, a). This corm- take charge of them. These men were notorious
partment answers exactly to the first, which is de- for dishonesty, and leagued with all the thieves of
scribed by Lucian (1. c. 5). Within this court the the city, so that they connived at the robberies
keeper of the baths (balneator) who exacted the they were placed there to prevent. Hence the exquladrazs paid by each visitor, was also stationed; pression of Catullus - O furum opltme balneariand the box for holding the money was found in orum / (Carmr. xxxiii. 1) and Trachilo in the Ruit. The room (4), which runs back from the dens of Plautus (ii. 33. 51), complains bitterly
portico, might have been appropriated to him; or, of their roguery, which, in the capital, was carried
if not, it might have been an oecus or exedra, for to such an excess that very severe laws were enthe convenience of the better classes whilst await- acted against them, the crime of stealing in the
ing the return of their acquaintances from the in- baths being made a capital offence.
te;ior, in which case it will correspond with the To return into the chamber itself —it is vaulted
chambers mentioned by Lucian (1. c. 5), adjoining and spacious, with stone seats along two sides of
to the servants' waiting-place (dEv aporEpEP be rd, the wall (b, b), and a step for the feet below,
es Trpuvpj 7rrapepeKEvvao'tE'v' otlc 7tcTrwv). In this slightly raised from the floor (pulvinus et gradeus,
court likewise, as being the most public place, Vitruv. v. 10). Holes can still be seen in the
advertisements for the theatre, or other announce- walls, which might have served for pegs on which
ments of general interest, were posted up, one of the garments were hung when taken off. It was
which, announcing a gladiatorial show, still re- lighted by a window closed with glass, and ornamains. (5) Is the corridor which conducts from mented with stucco mouldings and painted yellow.
the entrance E, into the same vestibule. (6) A A sectional drawing of this interior is given in Sir
small cell of similar use as the corresponding one XW. Gell's Pompeii. There are no less than six
in the opposite corridor (1). (7) A passage of doors to this chamber; one led to the entrance E,
communication which leads into the chamber (8), another to the entrance D, a third to the small
the f'igidariaum, which also served as an apodyte- room (11), a fourth to the furnaces, a fifth to the
riam, or spoliatorium, a room for undressing; and tepid apartment, and the sixth opened upon the
which is also accessible from the street by the cold bath (10), named indifferently by the ancient
door D, through the corridor (9), in which a small authors, natatio, natatoriumn, piscina, baptisteiumn *,
niche is observable, which probably served for the puteus, AovTrpov. The bath, which is coated with
station of another balneator, who collected the white marble, is 12 feet 10 inches in diameter,
money from those entering from the north street. and about 3 feet deep, and has two marble steps
In this room all the visitors must have met before to facilitate the descent into it, and a seat surentering into the interior of the baths; and its rounding it at the depth of 10 inches from the
locality, as well as other characteristic features bottom, for the purpose of enabling the bathers to
in its fittings up, leave no room to doubt that it sit down and wash themselves. The ample size of
served as an undressing room. It does not appear this basin explains to us what Cicero meant when
that any general rule of construction was followed he wrote-Latioremz piscinam voluissem, ubijactata
by the architects of antiquity, with regard to the bracsiMa non offenderenltr. It is probable that
locality and temperature best adapted for an many persons contented themselves with the cold
apodvterium. The word is not mentioned by bath only, instead of going through the severe
Vitruvius, nor expressly by Lucial; but he says course of perspiration in the warm apartments;
enough for us to infer that it belonged to the and as thefrzigidariumn alone could have had no
fiigidmarium in the baths of Hippias (1. c. 5). effect in baths like these, where it merely served
" After quitting the last apartment there are a as an apodyteriumn, the natatio must be referred to
sufficient number of chambers for the bathers to when it is said that at one period cold baths were
undress, in the centre of which is an oeccts con- in such request that scarcely any others were used.
taining three baths of cold water." Pliny the (Gell's Pompeii, 1. c.) There is a platform, or amyounger says that the apodlyterium at one of his bulatory (schola, Vitruv. v. 10) round the bath,
own villas adjoined the frigidaritum (Ep. v. 6), also of marble, and four niches of the same mateand it is plain from a passage already quoted, that rial disposed at regular intervals round the walls,
the apodyterizum was a warm apartment in the with pedestals, for statues probably, placed in
baths belonging to the villa of Cicero's brother, them.t The ceiling is vaulted, and the chiumQuintus (assa in alteruz alpaodyterii antmuluz m pro- hber lighted by a window in the centre. The
m2ovi), to which temperature Celsus also assigns it. annexed woodcut represents a fr'igidarium with
In the thermae at Rome the hot and cold depart- its cold bath (pateus, Plin. Ep. v. 6) at one exments had probably each a separate apodyterium tremity, supposed to have formed a part of the
attached to it; or if not, the ground plan was so Formian villa of Cicero, to whose age the style of
arranged that one apodyterietm would be contiguous
to, and serve for both, or either; but where space * The word baptisterium (Plin. Ep. v. 6) is
and means were circumscribed, as in the little city not a bath sufficiently large to immerse the whole
of Pompeii, it is more reasonable to conclude that body, but a vessel, or labruma, containing cold
thefticidariscum served as an apodseriunz for those water for pouring over the head. Compare also
who confined themselves to cold bathing, and the Plin. Ep. xvii. 2.
tepidamiuma for those who commenced their ablutions t According to Sir W. Gell (1. c.) with seats,
in the warm apartments. The bathers were ex- which he interprets sclolae, for the accommodation
pected to take off their garments in the apodyte-rium, of persons waiting an opportunity to bathe - but
it not being permitted to enter into the interior a passage of Vitruvius (v. 10), hereafter quoted,
unless naked. (Cic. Pro Catl. 26.) They were seems to contradict this use of the term -and
then delivered to a class of slaves, called capsarii seats were placed in thefrigidarium adjoining, for
(from capsa, the small case in which children car- the express purpose of accommodating those who
ried their books to school), whose duty it was to were obliged to wait for their turn.