Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

184 BALNEAE. BALNEAE.
slenearumn (16. 26), and Aulus Gellius (iii. 1, x. 3) The use of the warm bath was preceded by bathof bhlneas Sitias. But this accuracy of diction is ing in cold water (I1. x. 576). The later custom of
neglected by many of the subsequent writers, and plunging into cold water after the warm bath menparticularly by the poets, amongst whom balnea is tioned by Aristeides (vol. i. Orat. 2. Szer. Seran.
not uncommonly used in the plural number to sig- p. 515), who wrote in the second century of our
nify the public baths, since the word balnea could era, was no doubt borrowed from the Romans.
not be introduced in an hexameter verse. Pliny After bathing, both sexes anointed themselves
also, in the same sentence, makles use of the neuter with oil, ill order that the skin might not be left
plural balnea for public, and of balnemne for a private harsh and rough, especially after warm water.
bath. (Ep. ii. 17.) Thermae (a'plua, hot springs) (Od. vi. 96; Athen. I. c.; Plin. II. N. xiii. 1.;
meant properly warm springs, or baths of warm see also II. xiv. 172, xxiii. 186.) The use of prewater; but came to be applied to those magnificent cious umguents (fcupa) was unknown at that early
edifices which grew up under the empire, in place period. In the heroic ages, as well as later times,
of the simple balzeca e of the republic, and which refreshments were usually taken after the bath.
comprised within their range of buildings all the (Od. vi. 97.)
appurtenances belonging to the Greekl gymnasia, The Lacedaemonicans, who considered warm
as well as a regular establishment appropriated for water as enervating and effeminate, used two
bathing. (Juv. Sat. vii. 233). Writers, however, kinds of baths; namely, the cold daily bath in the
use these terms without distinction. Thus the Eurotas (Xen. hell. v. 4. ~ 28; Plut. Alc. 23),
baths erected by Claudius Etruscus, the freedman and a dry sudorific bath in a chamber heated with
of the Emperor Claudian, are styled by Statius warm air by means of a stove (Dion Cass. liii.
(S&lv. i. 5. 13) bahlne, and by Martial (vi. 42) p. 515, ed. Hannov. 1606); and from them the
Ehirzsci tlzerlnzle. In an epigram by Martial (ix. chamber used by the Romans for a similar purpose
76)- subeice balneam2 tlmernzis- the terms are not was termed Laconicune (compare Strabo, iii. p. 413,
applied to the whole building, but to two different ed. Siebenkees, and Casaub. ad loc.).
chambers in the same edifice. At Athens the frequent use of the public baths
Greek Bathls. - Bathing was a practice familiar was regarded in the time of Socrates and Deto the Greeks of both sexes from the earliest times, mosthenes as a mark of luxury and effeminacy.
both in fresh water and salt, and in the natural (Demosth. c. Polycl. p. 1217.) Accordingly Phowarm springs, as well as vessels artificially heated. cion was said to have never bathed in a public
Thus Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, king of bath (vs 3aXavmeefT's 83WoGIEVOVTI, Plut. Plioc. 4),
Phaeacia, goes out with her attendants to wash and Socrates to have made use of it very seldom.
her clothes; and after the task is done, she bathes (Plato, Sysap. p. 174.) It was, however, only the
herself in the river. (Od. vi. 58, 65.) Ulysses, warm baths (BaXaveZa, called by Homer aepfal
who is conducted to the same spot, strips and takes AovTpd) to which objection was made, and which
a bath, whilst Nausicaa and her servants stand in ancient times were not allowed to be built
aside. (Od.- vi. 210-224.) Europa also bathes within the city. (Athen. i. p. 18, b.) The estiin the river Anaurus (Mosch. Id. ii. 31), and Helen mation in which such baths were held, is exand her companions in the Eurotas. (Theocr. Id. pressed in the following lines of Hermippus (ap]
vii. 22.) Warm springs were also resorted to for Athen. 1. c.)
the purpose of bathing. The'HpcalcXEra XovTpa M', A O EEIV vTb l 6pa XP1
shown by Hephaestus or Athena to Hercules are, o
celebrated by the poets. Pindar speaks of the hot TbV &myaOlv, o16E 4potoVTerV, & So crolerS.
baths of the' nymphs - epua Nuvpqrv Xovrpia In the Clouds of Aristophanes the fKcatos-d&yos
(Oymnp. xii. 27), and Homer (II. xxii. 149) cele- warns the young man to abstain from the baths
brates one of the streams of the Scamander for its (Paxavelos a&mrixeOEal, 1. 978), which passage, comwarm temperature. The artificial warm bath was pared with 1. 1028-1037, shows that warm baths
taken in a vessel called aoldus0os by Homer, and are intended by the word $aXavera.
C~aoeir s by Athenaeus (i. p. 25). It would ap- The baths ([3aXaovea) were either public (8-0
pear from the description of the bath administered uo'tia, ml7Yoo~LEvo'VTa) or private ('I61a, iS3tcrTuca).
to Ulysses in the palace of Circe, that this vessel The former were the property of the state, but the
did not contain water itself, but was only used for latter were built by private individuals, and were
the bather to sit in while the warm water was opened to the public on the payment of a fee
poured over him, which was heated in a large (E7riXovrpov). Such private baths are mentioned
caldron or tripod, under which the fire was placed, by Plutarch (Denmetr. 24) and Isaeus (De Dicaeoy.
and when sufficiently warmed, was taken out in her. p. 101), who speaks of one which was sold for
other vessels and poured over the head and 3000 drachlllae. (De Phiiloct. her. p. 140.) Baths
shoulders of the person who sat in the ao-dc/v0os. of this kind may also have been intended some(Od. x. 359-365.) Where cleanliness merely was times for the exclusive use of the persons to whom
the object sought, cold bathing was adopted, which they belonged. (Xen. Rep. Ath. ii. 10.) A small
was considered as most bracing to the nerves fee appears to have been also paid by each person
(Athen. 1. c.); but after violent bodily exertion or to the keeper of the public baths (,aXaveSs), which
fatigue warm water was made use of, in order to in the time of Lucian was two oboli. (Lucian,
refresh the body, and relax the over tension of the Lexiph. 2. vol. ii. p. 320.)
muscles, (Id. ib.; comp. Horn, ll. x. 576, Od. iv. We know very little of the baths of the Athe48, et alibi.) nians during the republican period; for the account
The &oadwrA,0os was of polished marble, like the of Lucian in his Hippias relates to baths conbasins (labra) which have been discovered in the structed after the Roman model. On ancient vases,
Roman baths, and sometimes of silver. Indul- on which persons are represented bathing, we never
gence in the warm bath was considered, in Homer's find any thing corresponding to a modern bath in
time, a mark of effeminacy (0d. viii. 248). which persons can stand or sit; but there is always