Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

4 ACHAICUM FOEDUS. ACH-AICUM FOEDUS.
Tisaimenus, till at length they abolished the kingIy
rule after the death of Ogyges, and established a
democracy. Ini the time of Herodotus (i. 145;
comp. Strab. viii. p. 383, &c.) the twelve towns of
which the league consisted were: Pellene, Aegeira,
Aegae, Bura, Helice, Aegium, Rhypes (Rhypae),
Patreis (ae), Phareis (ae), Olenus, Dyrne, and
Tritaeeis (Tritaea). After the time of Herodotus,
_ c @ T' J| )(4Rhypes and Aegae disappear from the number of
the confederated towns, as they had become deV;~ > M serted (Paus. vii. 23. 25; Strab. viii. p. 387), and
Ceryneia and Leontium stepped into their place.
(Polyb. ii. 41; comp. Panus. vii. 6.) The common
place of meeting was Helice, which town, together
perfumes were burnt. There was a law in the with Bura, was swallowed up by the sea during
Twelve Tables, which restricted the use of acerrae an earthquake in B. c. 373, whereupon Aegium was
at funerals. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 24.) [J. Y.] chosen as the place of meeting for the confederates.
ACETA'BULUM (6ibSs, 0'5~apov, vofCdrpqov), (Strab. viii. p. 384; Diod. xv. 48; Pans. vii. 24.)
a vinegar-cup, which, from the fondness of the The bond which united the towns of the league
Greeks and Romans for vinegar, was probably was not so much a political as a religious one, as is
always placed on the table at meals to dip the food shown by the common sacrifice offered at Helice to
in before eating it. The vessel was wide and Poseidon. This solemn sacrifice was perfectly
open above, as we see inll the annexed cut, taken analogous to that offered by the Ionians at the
from Panof ka's work on Greek vases; and the Panionia, and it is even intimated by Herodotus
name was also given to all cups resembling it in that it was an imitation of the Ionian solemnity.
size and form, to whatever use they might be ap- After the destruction of Helice, and when Aegium
plied. They were commonly of earthenware, but had become the central point of the league, the comsometimes' of silver, bronze, or gold. (Aristoph. mon sacrifice was offered up to the principal divini4v. 361; Athen. vi. p. 230, xi. p. 494; Quintil. ties of the latter town; that is, to Zeus, surnamed
viii. 6.) The cups used by jugglers in their per- Homagyrius, and to Demeter Panachaea. (Paus.
formances were also called by this name. (Sen. vii. 24.) In a political point of view the connecEp. 45.) tion between the several towns appears to have
been very loose5 for we find that some of them
acted quite independently of the rest. (Thuc. ii.
9.) The confederation exercised no great influence
in the affairs of Greece down to the time when it
was broken up by the Macedonians. The Achaeans
kept aloof from the restless commotions in the other
parts of Greece, and their honesty and sincerity
were recognised by the circumstance of their being
appointed, after the battle of Leuctra, to arbitrate
between the Thebans and Lacedaemonians. (Polyb. ii. 39.) Demetrius, Cassanlder and Antigonus
Gonatas placed garrisons in some of their towns,
and in others tyrants rose supported by Macedonian
influence. The towns were thus torn from one
another, and the whole confederacy destroyed.
2. Thle later period.- Vhen Antigonus m B. C.
ACETA'BULUM, a Roman measure of capa.. 281 made the unsuccessful attempt to deprive
city, fluid, and dry,equivalent to the Greek tbegapxv. Ptolemaeus Ceraunus of the Macedonian throne,
It was one-fourth of the hernina; and therefore the Achaeans availed themselves of the opportunity
one-eighth of the sextarius. It contained the of shaking off the Macedonlian yoke, and renewing
weigilt in water of fifteen Attic drachmae. (Plin. their ancient confederation. The grand object how11. N. x.i. 34. s. 109.) [P. S.] ever now was no longer a common worship, but a
ACHAICUMI FOEDUS, the Achaean league. real political union among the confederates. The
In treating of the Achaean league we must dis- towns which first shook off the yoke of the optilguish between two periods, thie earlier and the pressors, were Dyme and Patrae, and the alliance
later; the character of the former was pre-emlninently concluded between them was speedily joined by the
religious, and that of the latter pre-emiiientiy po- towns of Tritaea and Pharae. (Polyb. ii. 41.) One
litical. town after another now expelled the Macedonian
1. The eat-lier period. —When the Heracleidae garrisons and tyrants; and when, in a. c. 277,
took possession of Peloponnesus, which had until Aegium, the head of the earlier leaguel followed
then been chiefly inhabited by Achaeans, a portion the example of the other towns, the foundation of
of the latter, unlder Tiaamenls. turned northwards the new confederacy was laid, and the main prinand occupied the notth colst of Pelopnlnesus, which ciples of its constitution were settled, though afterwas calledi aiyLtads, aid froim which the'lnians1 wards many changes and modifications were introits former inhabitants, were expelled and sought duced. The fundamental laws were, that hencerefuge in Attica. The cutltry which was thus forth the confederacy should form one inseparable
occupied by the Achaeans and derived from them state, that each town, which should join it, should
its namne of Achaia, contained twelve confederate have equal rights with the others, and that. all
tou-wns which were governed by the descendants of members, in regard to foreign countrles, should bu