Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

170 ATLANTES. ATRAMENTUM.
liating consequences, were manifestly the mere of the building. They were mucl mre freely used
effect of public opinion, and lasted until the person in tripods, thrones, and so forth.
labouring under it distinguished himself by some They were also applied as ornaments t6 the sides
signal exploit, and thus wiped off the stain from of a vessel, having the appearance of supporting the
his name. The Spartans, who in Sphacteria had upper works; as in the ship of Hiero, described by
surrendered to the Athenians, were punished with Athenaeus (v. p. 208. b).
a kind of atimia which deprived them of their A representation of such figures is given in the
claims to public offices (a punishment common to preceding woodcut, copied from the tepidarium in
all kinds. of atimia), and rendered them incapable the baths at Pompeii: another example of them is
of making any lawful purchase or sale. After- in the temple of Jupiter Olympius at Agrigentum.
wards, however, they recovered their rights. (Muller, Archiiol. d. Kunst, ~ 279; Mauch, die
(Thuc. v. 34.) Unmarried men were also sub- Griech. u. Rmn. Bau-Ordnyungen, p. 88.) [P. S.]
ject to a certain degree of infamy, in so far as they ATRAMENTUM, a term applicable to any
were deprived of the customary honours of old age, black colouring substance, for whatever purpose it
were excluded from taking part in the celebration of may he used (Plaut. Mostell. i. 3. 102; Cic. de
certain festivals, and occasionally compelled to sing Nat. Deor. ii. 50), like the E.cxae of the Greeks.
defamatory songs against themselves. No atimos (Dem. de Cor. p. 313.) There were, however,
was allowed to marry the daughter of a Spartan three principal kinds of atramentum, one called
citizen, and was thus compelled to endure the librariumn, or scriptorisum (in Greek, ypac(prKc
ignominies of an old bachelor. (Plut. Agesil. 30; /E'Nay), another called sutorium?, the third tectorizu7.
Miiller, Dor. iv. 4. ~ 3.) Although an atimos at Atramnentum librarium was what we call writingSparta was subject to a great many painful restric- ink. (Hor. Ep. ii. 1. 236; Petron. 102; Cic. ad
tions, yet his condition cannot be called outlawry; Qu. F'. ii. 15.) Atramnentum sutoerino was used
it was rather a state of infamy properly so called. by shoemakers for dyeing leather. (Plin. H. N.
Even the atimia of a coward cannot be considered xxxiv. 12. s. 32.) This atranzentumn sutorium conequivalent to the civil death of an Athenian atimos, tained some poisonous ingredient, such as oil of
for we find him still acting to some extent as a vitriol; whence a person is said to die of atramencitizen, though always in a manner which made tum sutorium, that is, of poison, as in Cicero (ad
his infamy manifest to every one who saw him. Fans. ix. 21.) Atra?mentuns tectoriumn, or pictoriuse,
(Lelyveld, De Infania e Jure Atticeo, Amstelod. was used by painters for some purposes, apparently
1835; Wachsmuth, Htellen. Alterth. &c. vol. ii. p. as a sort of varnish. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. S. 25,
195, &c., 2d edit.; Meier, De Bonis Damnat. p. &c.) The Scholiast on Aristophanes (Plut. 277)
101, &c.; Schumann, De Cornit. Ath. p. 67, &c. says that the courts of justice, or atrcaao'pla, in
transl.; Hermann, Polit. Ant. of Greece, ~ 124; Athens were called each after some letter of the
Meier und Schomann, Att. Proc. p. 563. On the alphabet: one alpha, another beta, a third gamma,
Spartan atimia in particular, see Wachsmuth, &c., and, so on, and that against the doors of each
vol. ii. p. 155, &c., 2d ed.; Miiller, Dor. iii. 10. auCao'1Tplov, the letter which belonged to it was
~ 3.) [L. S.] written 7ruotq BdiucarTL, in "'cred ink." This "red
ATLANTES (rka~vers) and TELAMO'NES ink," or red dye," could not of course be called
('reXaCtcves), are terms used in architecture, the atramnentum. Of the ink of the Greeks, however,
former by the Greeks, the latter by the Romans, nothing certain is known, except what may be
to designate those male figures which are sometimes gathered from the passage of Demosthenes above
fancifully used, like the female Caryatides, in place referred to, which will be noticed again below.
of columns (Vitruv. vi. 7. ~ 6, Schneid.). Both The ink of the Egyptians was evidently of a very
words are derived from'-rxiat, and the former superior kind, silnce its colour and brightness reevidently refers to the fable of Atlas, who sup- main to this day in some specimens of papyri.
ported the vault of heaven, the latter perha7ps to the The initial characters of the pages are often written
strength of the Telamonian Ajax. in red ink. Ink among the Romans is first found
The Greek architects used such figures sparingly, mentioned in the passages of Cicero and Plautus
and generally with some adaptation to the character above referred to. Pliny informs us how it was
made. He says, " It was made of soot in various
ways, with burnt resin or pitch: and for this purpose," he adds, " they have built furnaces, which
do not allow the smoke to escape. The kind most
commended is made in this way from pine-wood:
-It is mixed with soot from the furnaces or baths
lii V |il'fill ~l ___ i t egg\/ 1 ~ (that is, the hypocausts of the baths); and this' I I=~ —-~~ ~ i~l~ll!"~~ they use ad volurnina scribenda. Some also make
a kind of ink by boiling and straining the lees of
wine," &c. (Plin. HI. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 25.) With
this account the statements of Vitruvius (vii. 10.
p. 197, ed. Schneider) in the main agree. The
black matter emitted by the cuttle-fish (sepia),
ii (I \,~ I and hence itself called sepia, was also used for
atramentum. (Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 50; Persius,,,,^'- I {Id' t, Sat. iii. 12, 13; Ausonius, iv. 76.) Aristotle, however, in treating of the cuttle-fish, does not refer
to the use of the matter (goxbs) which it emitsi as
____ ink. (Aelian, H. A. i. 34.) Pliny observes (xxvii.
lis ssi i7. s. 28) that an infusion of wormwood with ink
preserves a manuscript fiom mice. On the whole,