Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

ASTRONOM~IA. ASTRONOMIA. 151
ISp i9nno (Cic.), THE CORN ElAR, and this the vidualised into C1'ironi (Haemnonii (arlus, Ov. Afet.
figure is supposecl to grasp in her left hand. ii. 81), thus giving rise to a confusion between this
The star whirh marks the right wing (E) _was sign and the Centaur among the southern constelrpOspTvyrs7p (Arat. 138) s. 7rpoTpsy7rTS S. Tpu- lations. (Comp. Columell. x. 56; Hygin. P. A.?yr/vip, translated Proviclezmiattor, Z2insdeniator s. 11. 27.)
Vindemeitor, and is now known as Vindesiatrir, 10. THE GOAT (i. e. the Chamois), AiydcKEpws
names which it received in consequence of rising (Arat. 284), Aeqoceros (GerInan.), Capricornus
shortly before the period of the vintage. (Arat. 138 (Cic. German. Vitruv. Manil. i. 271), Caper
and schol.; Columell. xi. 2. ~ 24; Or. Fast. iii. (Manil. ii. 659), called also nidv by Eratosthenes.
407; Plin. H. N. xviii. 26, 31; Vitruv. ix. 3, Hyginus, the scholiast on Germanicus, and Isidorus,
says that the Greek name was 7rporpYETros, and inform us that some of the ancients represented
the Roman, Provindemlia 1lIajor.) this creature with the tail of a fish, and in this
7. TIIE BALANCE was by the earlier Greek as- form it is actually figured on several coins of Autronomers invariably denominated X8Xqai (Arat. gustuss, who was born under the sign. No notice
89), Chelae (Cic. German. Manil. ii. 544, et pass.), of such a peculiarity in shape is taken by Aratus,
THEi CLAws, i. e. of the Scorpion, which stands Eratosthenes, or Ptolemy.
next in the Zodiac. Gesninus, who llourished, it is 11. THE WATERMAN, rapOXdOs (Arat. 283),
believed, about B. c. 80, is, as far as we know, the -IY/drochlsoos (Germna.), Aquzarlits (Cic. Vitruv.
first Greek writer who distinguishes the seventh German. Manil. i. 472), Aquitenens (German. 560),
sign as Zvyos, which is used by Ptolemy indif- FtEundens latices (German. 388), Aequorests juvenis
ferently with XjAalt. The term Libra, for which (Manil. ii. 558), Ju2eenis yerens caquam (Ov. Fast.
Cicero in one passage employs JuZugn61, was first i. 652), and simply Juveezis (Manil. iv. 709), was
formally adopted by the Romans in the Calendar regarded by those who connected the figure with
of Julius Caesar, to whom it was very probably mythical legends sometimes as Deucalion (German.
suggested by Sosigenes. The figure, it would seem, 568), sometimes as Gacuymedes. (Manil. v. 487;
was derived from the East, and must be regan.rded comp. Schol. ad Arat. 283.)
a.3 a symbol of equality introduced into the heavens The four stars (y,, -?, r) on the right hbaml
at the period when the entrance of the sun into were, according to Geminus, named cdA7rls, which
that constellation marked the Autumnal Equinox. is equivalent to the Latin S'itula, an Urn.
The scientific Latin writers, such as Vitruvitus, The WATER STREAMZ, "Tawp (Arat.), XVrls
Columella, and Pliny, uniformly distinguish this viaros, A2qua (Cic.), }tlfitsio Aquae (Schol. Germ.
sign by the name Libura alone; the poets use 119), which ends with the bright star, now known
either Libra or C/telae, as may suit their purpose. by the Arabic name Fosnoahand or rFosollalzant, in
M:anilius combines both into one phrase (.JzTqca the mouth of the Piscis Australis (see Manil. i.
C/el!aru;s,2 i. 609), while the ingenious conceit by 446, and comp. Vitruv. ix. 4, quae vreo ab Aquario
which Virgil represents the Scorpion as drawinlg jfiudi memorotat A`qua profiluit inter Piscis Austrini
in his claws in order to make room for Augustus, caplst et casudaszu Ceti), is regarded as a separate
is known to every reader of the first Georgic. constellation under the name of "Ta8sp by Aratus
(Comp. Ov. Met. ii. 195.) (389-399), and also by Geminus, who distinIn the commentary of Theon on the Almagest, guishes it as the'Trowp 7b arnb rO'Tfpoxdou, " the
Libra is frequently represented by Af'rpa or ALirpa, Water flowing from the Waterman," in order that
a word originally borrowed by the Romans from it may not be confounded with the constellation
the Sicilians, transformed into Librfa, and then Eridanus, the rIorabos 6 a&rb TOV'lpiweos, " the
restored to the later Greeks in the new sense of a River flowing from Orion."
Balance. 12. THE FISHES,'IX0ves (Arat. 240) or in
8. TIIE SCORPION','Kopsrios (Arat. 85. 304), the dual'IxOVe, Pisces (Cic. Vitruv.), Genmini
Scospius (Cic. German.), Scorpios -(Manil. i. 268, Pisces, slLbriferi duo Pisces (German.). One of
et pass.), Srowpio (Vitruv.). Cicero, in his trans- these was entitled the Northern (A4quilonarisPiscis,
lation of Aratus, and Manilius, both make use also Vitruv. ix. 3), the other the Southern Fish (Schol.
of the term Nepa, a word, according to Festus, of ad Assat. 240; Ov. Fast. iii. 401; Schol. German.
African origin, sometimes employed to denote a Hygin. P. A. iii. 29); but in order to prevent the'corpion and sometimes a Crab (Plasit. Cas. ii. 8. 7; embarrassment which might arise from identifying
Cic. de FIin. v. 15); and thus Cicero, in line 460 the latter with the "IxOus rd'TOS, or Piscis A`usof his Aratus, distinctly indicates the fourth sign by toalis, a constellation of the southern hemisphere,
the word Nepa, which elsewhere is put for the Ptolemy names the northern of the two E7rdervos,
Scorpion. Aratus names this constellation uErya and the other?JIyovu/eLos, a precaution by no means
&ptsov and TEpas seiya (84,402), because, according unnecessary since Manilius actually confounds (i.
to the Grecian arrangement, as explained in the last 272) the fishes of the Zodiac with the Piscis
paragraph, it occupied, together with its claws, the Australis. The Scholiast on Aratus remarks that
space of two signs. (Ov. Met. ii. 195.) the Northern Fish was represented with a swal-'Ardpr/s, now Antares, the name given to the low's head, anld on that account styled XeAhoovlas
brightest star, is first found in the works of Ptolemy, (i. e. hi/rundineinzus) by the Chaldaeans, a circumand probably refers to its colour and brilliancy, ri- stance for which Scaliger accounts by supposing
vallini thfat of (the planet) larss. that the name was given in consequence of the
9. THE ARCHER, TroteuVTs, -t'oEVaTp, and entrance of the sun into this constellation, when
simply Trdov,(Arat. 306, 400, 664, 665), Sagcittarius the swallow appeared in Greece as the herald of
(VitrLiuv.), Sagittipotens (Cic.), Sacgittifer (German.), Spring.
Arcitenens(Cic.), and simply Arczus(Cic. German.). The legends connected with this constellation
This bowman was supposed to be in the shape of (Eratosth. 58; Hygin. P. A. ii. 30. 41) bear rea centaur (Mlfixtus eqtso, Manil. i. 270), hence is ference to a Syrian divinity, termed by the Greeks
frequently termled Cesltslrszss, and sometimes indi- sometimes Attargatis) a Semitic word signifying The
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