Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

148 ASTRONOMIA. ASTrONOMIA.
stars in the Little Bear marked the position of the Scholiast on. Germanicus, Hyginus and Martiantu
pole, but it is difficult to determine from their Capella, use the name Arcturus for the whole conwords to which they severally refer, Accord- stellation, but Aratus, Geminus, and Ptolemy coning to Hyginus who, however, seems not to sider it as a single star.
have clearly understood Eratosthenes whom he The legends with regard to Boites present many
quotes, one of the three stars forming the tail was different aspects; by the Greeks he was usually
called Polus and the two others, from circling represented as Areas, the son of Callisto; Ovid in
round it, XopeuTal, The Dancers, the same appa-,one passage (Ieast. vi. 235) calls him Lycaon, the
rently with the Ludentcs of the Scholiast on Ger- father of the hapless damsel; by others he was
manicus. pronounced to be Icarius (or Icarus) to whom
Those poets who regarded the Great Bear as Bacchus taught the use of the vine, and then the
Callisto represented the Little Bear as her dog; but conestellation Yirgo was his daughter; Erigone,
according to another legend commonly received, and either the greater or the lesser hound, was her
the two bears were the two nymphs who acted as dog Maera (Canis Icarizcs, Ov. e;'ast. iv. 939).
nurses in Crete to infant Jove (Arat..31), cnid 1Ience, too, the Septemtriones are styled Boves
hence the phrase Cretaeae Arcti (German.). lcaelii by Propertius (ii. 24. 24).
3. THE DRAGON, ApdaKwy (Arat. 45), trans- Homer (Od. v. 272) calls Bootes 4e C WYv, from
lated by the Latins Draco (Cic. German.'Vitruv.), his descendilng below the horizon n an upright
Se?-pens (Gernian. Vitruv. Manil. Ovid), and Agduis position, and therefore v-ery gradually. Compare
(Virgil. Ovid. Manil.). Servius (ad Viep. Ceoc71. iOv. Fast. iii. 405; Claud. Rapt. Proseep). ii. 190,
i. 205) rema-kis that there are three Angztes in the and the " pigri sarraca Bootae " of Juvenal, v. 23.
sky, one lying between the Bears: 6. TEIE NORTHERN CROWN,:TEr aVlos (Arat.
Maximuss Ihic flexu sinuoso elabitur Angtuis 71), Cor olna (Cic. Vitruv. lManil.), A riadues corone,
Ccrcueu perque dias in cmorei. theiminis Aretos: M1.inoa 0roa'0C, German.). Ptolemy distinguishes between the Northernand the Southern Crown (.r-i
(comp. Vitruv. ix. 3): the seconad grasped by cPavors Op eos, vo'Tdos), and heince the modern name.
Opaiulcus: the third, to the south, around thle Craters According to the legend commonely adopted this was
and C-orius. The superior richness of the Greek the chiaplet of Ariadne placed by Bacchus in tle
language distinguished these as Apdxcoiv,'Oqts, and firmament to do honour to his mistress, and hence
"T'fps. The description of Aratus has been ren- the epithets applied by Germani.css as quoted
dered almost verbatim and with great spirit by above. (Comp. Virg. Geog. i. 2.22; Ov. Past. iii.
Virgil in the lines.quoted above. ~Mytlhslogically, 460; Mansil. i. 330.)
the dragon was regarded as the snake which once lThe name Gemrea, now given to the most reguarded the apples of the Hesperides,.or as a snake splendent star in the circle, was not known to the
snatched by Minerva from the giants and whirled tomallns.
by her aloft to the pole. (Hylgin. i2 A. ii. 3, iii. 7. HERCULES. The constellation now known by
2; Serv. ad Virg. Geors. i. 2 4 this name is described by Aratus (v. 63) as an un4. CEPHEUS, Ks/qeUs (Artt. 183), Ceip.hezes known or nameless form (ei'YwAoo Eo-roV,; W&revOEos
(Cic. Vitruv. Manil.), lasides C'eplees (German.). e16ldCJoto), which from its resemblance to a man
The legends respecting this ill-falted monarch and toiling (loyieovrt aW3pl E'oucbs e's3wXov) on his
the other members of his famnily who beamed in knees, was usually called'EVyia're,, which the
ihe heavens, Cassiopeia, Pee-see6s, and ncdromecda, tmans etler eiter xpressed in the same letters, Enare detailed at length in the Catasterisms of Era- gomnasi (Manil. v. 645)) Enyonasirz (Cic.), or by the
)tsthenes and in Hyginus. translations (GenicZcits, Jn'gesiculatlts (Vitruv. ix..5. THE BEAR-WVARDEN, BooTES, THE WAG- 3), Igyenicllues (Jul. Firam. viii. 17), NTi-us in
GONER,'APKTro5UmAao (Arat. 91),.Arctopyllcax geenibus (Vitruv. ibid.)) Nc-aagenuc2 ecies (German.
(Cic. Germanl, Manil. i. 323), translated by Ovid Manil. i. 322, v. 645), Dextro genu nii us (Ger(Tist, i. 1,0. 15) Castos Us-sae, and by Vitruvilus man.), or simply Nisuls s. Niz cs (Cic. German.),
(ix. 3,) Custos Arcti, or simply Custos (1, e.), was Insmizus (Avien. 205), or with reference to the
denominated also BoWcseS (A-at. 1. e.), Booles (Cic. labouring attitude Dectlzune siduls, iyffygies dejicta
German. Manil.), i. e. Bubilcus, the ox-driver, and ala)ore (Gernan.).
accordilng to the Scholiast oncAratus (L.c.)Tpv-y71rs, According to Avienus (v. 175), the appellation
thee vintager. The first name which supposes the of Hercules was bestowed by Panyasis, by others
cocnstellations to represent a manl upon the w at.ch it was regarded as Theseels, by others as Ceteus,
denotes simlply tire position of the figniae with le- son of Ly. caom, by others as Prometheus chained to
gard to the Gregat Bear, or when the latter was Caucasus. (H-gin. P. A. ii. 6, iii. 5.)
regarded as Callisto, thern Arctophylax became 8. THaE LYRE, Xl'Xvs, At'}pa, (Arat. 268), Lyra
her son Arcas, by whom she wvas hlunted and (German. Vitruv. Manil. i. 331), Fides (Cic.),
slain; the se.cond name, which is found in Homer Fidis (Col. xi. 2. ~ 43, &c.). Fidiclula (Plin. II. N.
(Od. v. 272) refers to the da5ieat the imaginary xviii.64, &c.). Ptolemy (. A.) designlates as
form of Boowiys being fancied to occupy the place o Xagurp6br T7rs Xtpas, the peculiarly bright star
of the driver of thle team; the thihd name is con- (a Lyrae), which renders this constellation so connected with the period of the heliacal rising of thIe spicunoS; but it appears probable that the simple
group which indicated the season of the vintage. e ASpa among the Greek astronomers, as well as
The chief star in the constellatioen is ARCTURUS Fidis and Fidicula among the Latins, was fre-'AptrTapos (Arat. 95), AsctLurzs (Cic. German. qnently employed to denote this single star, as
Vitruv Manil.), a word of similar import with well as thle whole sign. Manilius seems to speak
4rctophylax. It is twice mentioned by Hesiod of lFides as a constellation distinct orom Lyrma, hut
(Ery. 56.6, 610), and, as we shall see hereafter, the passages are very confused (i. 409; comp. 324,,ccupied a prominent place in the calendars of 337). Tl'he inention of the Lyre bein ascribed
jrecc agnd a eIop, Som e late wviteS, such as the to MIercury, we naturally find the epithets'Epuaisj